Sleep is a physiological process that influenced by internal and external factors and brain is as active as waking in certain periods. REM sleep is demonstrated in the literature that provides psychological relaxation due to more frequent occurrence of psychiatric disorders in sleep deprivation and causes depression / anxiety-like situations. There are studies in the literature indicate that physical exercise may be useful on depressive / anxiety. However, the duration and physical severity of the physical exercise and sleep deprivation affects the results. For this reason, we investigated the effect of long-term exercise on depression / anxiety behavior on acute REM sleep deprived rats. Rats were divided into control (C), exercise (E), REM sleep deprivation (SD) and exercise + REM sleep deprivation (E + SD) (n = 7). For developing REM sleep deprivation, rats were kept in a sleep deprivation tank during a 48-hour period. Exercise was performed with treadmill for 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes for 4 weeks. Depressive / anxiety behaviors were assessed with open field and elevated plus maze tests. It has been shown that the sleep deprivation group takes less distance in the open field test. It was observed that in the elevated plus maze test, the rats in the sleep deprivation group spent less time on the open-arm compared to the other groups, and the number of entries and exits in this group also decreased. Behavioral test findings show that depressive / anxiety-like effects of sleep deprivation are reduced by moderate treadmill exercise.

In recent years, there have been unexplained colony losses around the world. Due to the decrease in honey bee colonies, many studies have been carried out to investigate potential causes. One of the main causes of losses is also insecticides. Insecticides used against harmful insects in agricultural fields affect not only harmful ones but also beneficial insects such as honey bees directly or indirectly. Honey bee losses are more common, especially where insecticides are used, and the immune systems of bees exposed to insecticides in these areas weaken; foraging behavior, the ability to smell and learn is impaired. In addition, it leaves residues in bee products such as honey, wax, pollen and bee bread. Effective and sustainable solutions are sought worldwide in order to cope with these losses that pose a major ecological threat. This review aims to reveal the current situation by examining the effects of insecticides on honey bee behavior and physiology.

Food waste and loss is an ecological, economic and social problem. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization states that approximately one third of all edible foods produced for human consumption are wasted or lost after harvest. The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting food waste behavior of consumers. In order to reach this aim, a questionnaire was conducted with 583 people in November and December of 2018 in Çorum province. The obtained data were analyzed and explained through Structural Equation Models. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, a 5-factor structure explaining 76,612% of the total variance was obtained. These factors were named as norm, intention, result awareness, purchasing behavior and planning. These factors were found to have validity, reliability and internal consistency. In addition, it was investigated whether the factors were compatible with the fit indices by means of Confirmatory Factor Analysis. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, it was determined that the obtained factors met the fit indices values. As a result of Confirmatory Factor Analysis, it was determined that the obtained factors met the fit index values. The effect of the factors on the relationship between each other and the waste behavior were measured by means of the path analysis. As a result of this study, although consumers have positive statements regarding consequence awareness, intent and norms, they have been determined to be unstable in planning and purchasing. Besides, although there was a direct effect of intent and result awareness on waste behavior, it was determined that planning and norms had indirect effects. Considering that the intention is the most influential factor on waste behavior, it should be focused on the activities that will create result awareness in society.

Post-modern toplum düzenini getirdiği yenilikler bireylerin yaşam tarzlarında ve alışkanlıklarında önemli değişimlere neden olmuş, bu değişimler gıda tercih ve tüketim alışkanlıklarında da gözlemlenmiştir. Günümüzde çoğu insan gıdaya erişimi artık sadece beslenme ihtiyacını karşılamaya yönelik bir çaba ile sınırlandırmayıp ondan psiko-sosyal ve ekonomik faydalar da beklemekte, beslenme alışkanlıklarına rasyonel, hedonik ve sembolik boyutlar eklemektedir.  Bu kapsamda yeme-içme faaliyetlerini evlerinin dışında gerçekleştiren bireylerin sayısında sürekli bir artış söz konusudur. Bu araştırmada ev dışı gıda tüketimini (EDGT) etkileyen gıda odaklı faktörler ve sosyo-demografik özelliklerin etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda Türkiye’nin 7 bölgesinin en büyük şehirlerinde 1016 tüketici ile yüz yüze anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiş elde edilen veriler tanımlayıcı istatistikler ve sıralı probit regresyon modeli kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Buna göre gıda tercihlerini etkileyen faktörler arasında başkaları tarafından da tüketilen gıdaların ev dışı gıda tüketim sıklığı ile pozitif, besin içeriği ve yerel markaları tercih etme ile ise negatif ilişki durumu söz konusudur. Gıda tüketim desenlerinden fast-food tüketimi, sokak yemeği tercihi ve abur-cubur tüketimi ile EDGT sıklığı arasında pozitif, bitkisel temelli beslenme tercihiyle ise negatif bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Ayrıca sosyo-demografik özelliklerden cinsiyet, medeni durum, yaş, gelir ve eğitim de bireylerin EDGT’lerini etkilemektedir.