In this study, Bacillus subtilis natto was encapsulated in alginate, either coated with or mixed with xanthan gum as a supplemental component. The encapsulated bacteria were then evaluated for their survival in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). The results showed that B. subtilis natto biomass had a thrombolytic ability compared to the control sample. The viability of encapsulated B. subtilis natto was improved in which alginate 2.5% (w/v) had a high encapsulation efficiency, and there was no difference between the samples with or without the xanthan gum supplement. In the SGF and SIF tests, the viability of B. subtilis in samples supplemented with xanthan gum was higher than in samples that contained only alginate. Additionally, there was no significant difference in viability between the samples that mixed xanthan gum with alginate and those that were coated with it. The results indicated that adding xanthan gum is necessary to increase alginate's protective effect on B. subtilis natto.

Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) is a tropical plant that is rich in bioactive compounds, especially anthocyanins which are useful as natural dyes and antioxidant compounds. The bioactive compounds of butterfly pea flowers are unstable due to environmental influences, especially temperature, oxygen, light and acidity. In order to improve the stability of bioactive compounds, especially anthocyanin compounds in powder form, it is necessary to utilize encapsulation technology using coating materials. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of maltodextrin concentration and drying temperature on the physico-chemical characteristics and color measurements of encapsulated butterfly pea flower extract. The research method used was a factorial design prepared using a randomized block design consisting of 2 factors. Factor I (maltodextrin concentration) consisted of 3 levels, namely (10%, 20%, and 30%) while factor II (drying temperature) consisted of 3 levels (70ºC, 80ºC, and 90ºC), with 3 repetitions. The observation variables are: a) antioxidant activity, b) anthocyanin content, c) water content, d) dissolution time, e) color properties (L*, a*, and b*). Based on general research results, a maltodextrin concentration of 10% and a drying temperature of 70ºC showed the best results based on antioxidant activity rate and the highest anthocyanin content (51.47% and 47.36mg/g), as well as color measurements with the lowest L* value = 52, highest a* value = +2.6, and highest b* = -11.16. Except for powder solubility, a maltodextrin concentration of 30% and a drying temperature of 90ºC resulted in the fastest solubility time (16.67 seconds). For water content, all treatments were still in accordance with spice standards in Indonesia and standards issued by the USDA.

Nanoemulsions, characterized by droplet sizes below 100 nm, are increasingly recognized for their applications in dairy technology. They are typically created using high-energy or low-energy methods and enable the encapsulation of functional food ingredients within droplets or at the interface, thereby increasing nutrient bioavailability and physical stability. The demand for nanoemulsions is increasing due to their applications in functional beverages and foods. In dairy-based products such as yogurt, cheese, and ice cream, nanoemulsions play multiple roles by stabilizing them and providing health benefits. They increase the physical stability of milk-based products, extend their shelf life, and improve sensory properties. Nanoemulsions also act as carriers for bioactive compounds, vitamins, and flavors, enriching the nutritional profile and consumer appeal of dairy products. Research on nanoemulsions is advancing due to their superior properties such as improved solubility, enhanced nutrient absorption, and controlled release capabilities. They are used in functional milk drinks, fortified milks, and milk-based supplements, contributing to the physical stability of products and offering health and nutritional benefits. Dairy products can be enriched with various functional ingredients by adding nanoemulsions. This review focuses on nanoemulsion formation and applications of nanoemulsion technology applied to dairy products within the scope of innovative approaches in the dairy industry and includes studies and results on this subject.