This study was carried out to determine the effect of different irrigation frequency and levels on silage sorghum plant for yield and quality at the Bingöl University Agricultural Research and Application Field in 2022 using the Master BMR variety as plant material. Randomized complete blocks applying the split-plots experimental design with three replications was used; four irrigation levels (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and four irrigation frequencies (5, 10, 15 and 20 days) were considered as treatments. Percentage of moisture replacement was determined using total moisture loss from evapotranspiration (ET). Amount of water discharged by emitters were predetermined, hence, time was used to determine the exact amount. Properties related to green forage yield, dry matter yield, crude protein ratio, crude protein yield, acid detergent insoluble fibre, neutral detergent insoluble fibre, digestible dry matter, dry matter consumption and relative feed value were investigated. Statistically significant differences between all the examined features were observed. The highest green forage yield, dry matter yield and crude protein yield were obtained from 5-day frequency and 100% level. Highest crude protein ratio from 5-day frequency and 25% level, lowest acid detergent insoluble fibre rate and highest digestible dry matter rate from 20-day frequency and 25% level, highest dry matter intake and relative feed value with the lowest neutral detergent insoluble fibre rate were observed from 25% level with 10 and 20-day frequencies. In conclusion; it can be stated that, to obtain high yield from silage sorghum, it is necessary to irrigate at 5 days frequencies and 100% level. However, high-quality product can be obtained with a 10-day frequency and a 25% level with low yield.

The aim of this paper was to systematically reviewing the selected feed factors. A worldwide food demand, including animal-derived food is highly predictable to increase at 60% by 2050, particularly in developing countries. By 2030, an annual meat consumption is also estimated to grow from 25.5 to 37 kg per person. In some parts of the world; however, such a growing demand isn’t currently matching with a comparable growth in the local production. For example, by 2050, around 40% of an animal-sourced food could be imported by African countries. Although such insufficiency of an animal-sourced food is generally due to that of the farm-animals’ low productivity, this is specifically believed to be because of the poor quality and inadequacy of the feeds. Both anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) and mycotoxins are the main factors that can contribute to the low quality and less efficiency of the feeds. Although some have beneficial effects, at their low concentrations, anti-nutrients are generally accountable for the harmful effects on the nutrient absorption. For example, up to 50, 23 and 10% of proteins and amino acid digestibility, in non-ruminant animals are reduced by the presence of trypsin inhibitors (TI), tannins and phytates, respectively. Feeds that are toxic for the mono-gastric animals may not be toxic to the ruminants. Soaking/roasting followed by pressure cooking is one of the best treating mechanisms to reduce those of the harmful effects of ANFs. Supplementation of the feeds with typical microbial enzymes, particularly when they are in a combined state enables also to reduce the negative effects of ANFs. A quarter of the world’s crops are being contaminated by the molds and fungi, and hence aflatoxin is an inevitable contaminant. Consequently, when animals eat these contaminated feeds, with aflatoxins the milk, eggs and meat could have the safety concerns to the human consumers. Due to that of some weak regulatory standards, the South-East Asian and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries remain at a high risk of aflatoxin contaminations. In addition to that of the carrying-over impacts of aflatoxins, ANFs and mycotoxins are the main factors that are reducing the feed quality and efficiency, in animal production.