In this study, it was aimed to reveal the structural properties and the effects of husbandry practices on milk yield in dairy farms of Ondokuz Mayıs district of Samsun. While the data were obtained by face-to-face surveys and observations in a total of 59 farms those had ≥10 head cattle between January and June 2018, environmental factors affecting daily milk yield (DMY) were separately evaluated. Important negativeneses were determined on the barn type, bedding material using, calving pens, weaning period of calves, claw care and udder cleaning in the farms. It was informed that local bazaars and cooperatives were commonly used for raw milk marketing, and high feed price was the most important problem. DMY was significantly affected by the experience of farm owner, number of the milking cows, amount of concentrate feed that given and milking type. It was concluded that farm properties and herd management methods have to be restored to elevate milk production in the investigated farms.

This study was conducted to determine milk yield characteristics and its effect on genotypes, years and ages Hair goat x Saanen crossbred and Hair goat breed between 2011-2012 years in private enterprise which is located in Amasya province Sarılar village. In this study, the effect of genotypes was found significant on average daily milk yield, lactation length and lactation milk yield in 2011 and 2012 years. In 2011, the effect of goat ages were determined on average daily milk yield (ADMY) and lactation milk yield (LMY) for all goat genotypes. In 2012, the effect of goat ages was determined on average daily milk yield and lactation length (LL) for all goat genotypes. The effect of year F1 and Hair goat were found significant on ADMY, LMY, and LL. The effect of year was found significant on only LL for G1 genotype. As a result it can be say that Saanen goat x Hair goat crossbred F1 and G1 genotype milk yield was higher than Hair goat reared in farmer conditions.

Bu çalışma Siyah Alaca (Holstein) süt sığırlarında kuru dönemde farklı enerji içeriğine sahip rasyonların erken laktasyon dönemi süt verimi ve bazı metabolik bozuklukların görülme sıklığına etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada süt verim ortalamaları birbirine yakın olan 800 baş kuru dönemde bulunan Siyah Alaca ırkı süt sığırı kullanılmıştır. Hayvanlar her birinde 400’ er baş olacak şekilde iki gruba ayrılmış ve kuru dönemin ilk 39 günü (erken kuru dönem) boyunca iki farklı rasyonla yemlenmişlerdir. İlk 400 hayvanın bulunduğu kontrol grubu 1,34 (Mcal/kg KM) net enerji laktasyon (NEL) değerinde rasyonla yemlenirken, ikinci 400 baş hayvanın bulunduğu grup ise 1,07 (Mcal/kg KM) NEL enerji değerine sahip düşük enerjili rasyonla yemlenmiştir. Kuru dönemin son 21 gününde ve laktasyonun ilk 90 gününde her iki grup da benzer rasyonlarla yemlenmişlerdir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, kuru dönemde normal enerjili kontrol rasyonu ile beslenen grupta süt verimi 2. laktasyonda daha yüksek olurken, 3. laktasyonda düşük enerjili rasyon ile beslenen grupta daha yüksek olmuştur. Sonraki laktasyon sıralarında iki farklı rasyonla yemlenen gruplar arasında fark olmamıştır. Hipokalsemi ve septik metritis rasyonlardan önemli seviyede etkilenmese de düşük enerji rasyonla beslenen grupta rakamsal olarak görülme sıklığında azalma olmuştur. Abomasum deplasmanı düşük enerjili rasyonla beslenen grupta önemli seviyede azalmıştır. Düşük enerjili rasyonla beslenen grupta ketosiz+2 görülme sıklığı (insidans) %2 oranında artsa da ketosiz+1 görülme sıklığı %14 oranında artarak önemli seviyede yüksek olmuştur. Sonuç olarak kuru dönemde düşük enerjili rasyonların 2. laktasyondan sonraki dönemlerde süt verimini olumsuz etkilemeksizin, abomasum deplasmanı, hipokalsemi ve septik metritis gibi problemlerin görülme sıklığını azaltmaya yardımcı olabileceği söylenebilir.

In this study, it was aimed to reveal the effect of temperature and humidity values provided by the semi-open and closed barns in the winter season on milk yield and components and the somatic cell count (SCC) level in milk in Anatolian buffaloes, and for this purpose, to compare both barn types and to reveal their suitability for buffalo breeding. In the study, temperature and humidity values were determined between December 2020 and March 2021 in two types of barns with similar feeding conditions in Bafra district, Samsun, and milk samples taken from buffaloes raised in these barns were analyzed. Temperature Humidity Index (THI) values were determined as 61,09±0,211 and 51.08±0.173 for the closed and semi-open barn type, respectively. In the study, in which the type of barn and therefore the temperature and humidity values provided in the barn environment did not affect the amount of milk yield, the milk fat ratio was determined as 8.89±0.227% and 8.16±0.176% for closed and semi-open barns, respectively. While other milk components were not affected by the barn conditions, the logSCC of milk was lower (4.54±0.071) in the closed barns when compared to the semi-open barns (4.73±0.044). Although no statistical difference was determined in the other milk parameters discussed, it was noted that there is an increasing tendency in the closed barns. It was observed that the changes in temperature and humidity values in both barn environments during the period caused nonlinear changes in milk composition. While indoor conditions were more effective on solids-non-fat (SNF), protein and lactose in the closed barn, the highest effect was on the fat ratio and logSCC in the semi-open barns. As a result, it can be said that both types of barns can be used in buffalo breeding since there is no significant difference in milk yield and other components, although there is a slight difference in milk fat ratio and logSCC level in closed and semi-open barns of Anatolian buffaloes in the climatic conditions of the region where the study was conducted.

In the present study, it is aimed to determine the current state of the goat raising businesses operating in the city of Uşak and in its provinces, their problems and to come up with suggestions for solutions to these problems. In the current study, as the sampling of the study, 132 goat-raising businesses were selected by means of stratified random sampling method and they were administered a questionnaire consisted of 83 questions. The data obtained from the analysis of the questionnaires have revealed that high majority of the goat-raisers are elementary school graduates (86.4%) and they generally raise Hair goat (89.4%). Moreover, it has also been determined that for the mating of goats, male goats are brought into the herd in September and October and this mating process occurs in the form of free insemination, the age for female goats to be used as stock is 15-18 months old, additional feeding and synchronization are not generally practiced and weaning of baby goats occurs when they are 3-4 months old. Births are usually given in February-March and milking also starts in this period and lasts 6 months on average, the lactation milk yield is 60-80 liters, milking is performed once a day with hand and the produced milk is mostly used in cheese production. Moreover, in goat raising, transhumance is not a common practice and high majority of the breeders apply regular protective vaccines. As in many other regions, many problems such as high feed prices, the difficulty in finding a shepherd and price fluctuations force goat breeders to quit. For goat raising to be sustainable, technical and economic supports given to breeders should continue and improve. If the feed can be supplied with the internal resources of the businesses and if their products can be marketed directly without using intermediaries then some of the problems can be alleviated. Putting greater emphasis on this issue and developing incentive policies will make contributions to goat raising. As a result of the present study, it was concluded that developing goat raising businesses operating mostly as small-scale family businesses in the city of Uşak to large-scale businesses where intensive production is made by providing the necessary incentives and subsides is of great importance.

Bu araştırmada, Koçaş Tarım İşletmesinde yetiştirilen Siyah Alaca ineklerin süt verim özellikleri incelenmiştir. Bu özelliklere ait fenotipik ve genotipik parametre tahminleri yapılmıştır. İncelenen özelliklere ait en küçük kareler ortalaması laktasyon süt verimi, 305 gün süt verimi, laktasyon süresi ve kuruda kalma süresi sırasıyla; 7046,18 kg, 6588,38 kg, 327,37 gün ve 67,48 gün, olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yine aynı özelliklere ait kalıtım dereceleri ise sırasıyla; 0,25, 0,26, 0,07, 0,03 ve 0,30 olarak tahmin edilmiştir. Yılın, mevsimin ve laktasyon sırasının laktasyon süt verimi, 305 gün süt verimi ve laktasyon süresi üzerine etkisi ile kuruda kalma özelliği üzerine mevsimin ve laktasyon sırasının etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçları, süt verim özellikleri bakımından Koçaş Tarım İşletmesi yetiştiricilik şartlarının iyi durumda ve işletme için hesaplanan genotipik parametrelerin de kabul edilebilir sınırlar içerisinde olduğunu göstermiştir.

The factor affecting nutritive and feeding value of olive cake (OC) was evaluated and, some suggestion was made regarding using olive cake in ruminant nutrition. It is evaluated that the nutritive value of OC can be able to support maintenance requirement of ruminant, although its nutritive value is affected by different factors. However, when taking into consideration of expense needed for preservation of OC, it is wise to use OC in nutrition after de-stoning. The crude protein, ether extract, NDF, lignin and non-fiber carbohydrates content of partly de-stoned OC (POC) was determined as 75 (56-93), 126 (68-184), 571 (443-700), 222 (174-269) and 141 (55-227) g/kg dry matter (DM). These values show that POC is a valuable source of ruminant feed. Besides, high and quality ether extract content of OC separates it from other feed and made it a special feed. Treatment with alkali increases the degradability and in vivo digestibility parameters of OC. Therefore, ensiling allowing the treatment with additives is best option to preservation of OC. Even, additional extraction of oil from POC decreases its nutritive value; studies showed that POC after additional oil extraction has still favorable nutritive value. Studies showed no adverse effect when POC substitute 20% of ration of feedlot lamb. For dairy animal, it is evaluated using POC to provide 15-20 g/kg DM oil when it substitute of 10-20% of total ration allow to produce more milk with increased fat and quality. In conclusion, de-stoning process turns OC to a valuable feed source, allows reduce feed cost, and increase animal performance and product quality. However, because nutritive value of OC affecting from very different factors, it can be propose analyze its nutritive value before using it in ruminant nutrition.

In this study, the effect of STAT5A gene was investigated on milk yield and components (fat, protein) in Jersey cows. Because, this gene is a member of the signal transducers and activators of transcription the factor (STAT) family and thought to be the impact on milk yield and components. As a material in the research, 100 Jersey cows raised in Samsun Karakoy State Farm were used. Milk samples were collected 12 times with one month intervals after calving, and these samples were performed by ultrasonic milk analyzer for milk fat and protein content. In addition, test day milk yield (TDMY) of each cow were also recorded in the control days. C/G polymorphism with PCR-RFLP method result in DNA isolation from blood samples taken from cows was determined at 8.exon at position 12195. Genotype distribution was detected as 69% CC, 28% CG and 3% GG. Allele frequencies were found as 0.83 for the C allele and 0.17 for G allele. As a result of the polymorphism identified in STAT5A gene, statistically no difference were detected among genotypes for TDMY, 305 day milk yield (305 DMY), milk fat and protein rates and milk fat and protein yield. As a result, no significant differences were found between the milk yield and compositions association with STAT5A

In this study, it was aimed to determine the organizational structure, current state and problems of the dairy cattle breeding enterprises in the province of Uşak and to develop solutions to these problems according to the number of cattle they have. In the study, a questionnaire consisting of 95 questions was applied to 165 enterprises owners selected by multi-stage random sampling method and the obtained data were evaluated with the help of SPSS program package. Enterprises are grouped by animal assets; the enterprises having 1-9 heads cattle were classified as the first group, the enterprises having 10-20 heads cattle were classified as the second group and the enterprises having 21 heads and more cattle were classified as the third group. It was found that the daily milk yield varies significantly among the groups. It was determined that 16.80 kg/day in the 1st group, 19.50 kg/day in the 2nd group and 22.60 kg/day milk yield was obtained in the 3rd group. It was determined that many activities and parameters related cattle production in the 3rd group are highly good. However, it was determined that the main problems experienced particularly in small-scale enterprises are the supply of concentrate feed and coarse fodder, high cost of basic inputs such as feed and failure in marketing the produced products at a value price. It can be suggested that if the feed intake is supplied within the organization and the produced products are directly marketed, then these problems can be alleviated. It has been determined that dairy cattle businesses, which are mostly small scale family type enterprises in Uşak province, should be developed to large scale commercial enterprises where intensive production is carried out by providing various incentives and support.

In this study, the effect of the lactation sequence and the calving season, which are one of the factors influencing the milk yield in Holstein Friesian breed cows, were studied with meta-analysis method. Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that allows a re-evaluation of the studies conducted by other researchers for the same purpose by bringing them together. Meta-analysis combines and summarizes the results of the studies conducted on various fields, and contributes in making a common judgment among researchers. For these reasons, the studies of 7 different researchers that have been made in this field were brought together and it was aimed to create a common view about the studied parameters. In addition, the heterogeneity in this study was investigated by Chi-Square and I2 test statistics, and these values were found as ×^2=50.205 and I2= 88%, respectively. Therefore, for combining the studies, the fixed effect model wasn’t used in meta-analysis. In this study, the results of the researchers’ studies’ regarding the subject in question were scanned with meta-analytical screening method, and were combined by using the odds ratio (OR) which is the effect size criterion in meta-analysis. As a result of the meta-analysis, the Odds ratio value was found as 0.759 and the effect level was determined middle. With this study conducted, as a result of this meta-analysis conducted, it was found that the contribution done by the lactation sequence on 305-day lactation milk yield in Holstein Friesian cattles in obtaining high milk yield was 0.759 times more compared to the calving season.