ATAK-S is a newly developed native hybrid layer. Although the laying performance of this hybrid has been studied and determined, the performance response of the hybrid to different environmental temperature conditions is not known. This study was therefore undertaken to determine the effect of cold and heat stress on egg quality traits. Hens were divided into three different groups; control (20°C), low (12°C) and high (32°C). A total of 360 hens, with 120 in each of the groups, were used in the study. Hens were held in three tier battery cages in an environmentally controlled poultry house. The study lasted for 3 weeks. No differences were found among different groups in terms of shape index, albumen height and Haugh unit of the egg quality traits. It was found that the differences among the heat groups in terms of egg shell breaking strength, egg weight, shell thickness and yolk colour were significant and the value of these traits decreased under the heat stress conditions, whereas they were not affected from the cold stress.

Passiflora with approx. 575 species is the most diverse genus in Passifloraceae, with Colombia and Ecuador holding the largest number of taxa. It is divided into five subgenera, one of them being Astrophea, a group of arborescent and woody species. The aim of this research, was to assess the diversity and conservation status of the species in the subgenus Astrophea native to Colombia, and investigate their current and potential distribution. Subsequently, national and international herbarium collections and scientific literature were reviewed. This research was further supplemented by recent field collections. The results were analyzed with Excel © and maps obtained by Diva-GIS © to which the IUCN criteria were applied for each species. 24 species were identified, distributed within 28 departments, by assessing 375 records. The potential distribution ranges of the species, suggests niches associated to the Amazonía and Orinoquía, bioregions with large gaps in collection, provided they are in the species preferred altitudinal ranges (0-500 m). The most diverse parts of the country are the center west and northeast, with more than 7 taxa per area. 46% of species have some degree of threat and 37.5% are endemic. Despite this, 80% of species occur outside protected areas, which further complicate its conservation status according to the IUCN criteria. Eleven species are newly reported for the 14 departments. Collection efforts should be focused on areas with optimal bioclimatic conditions for the growth of species as regions for potential distribution. | Passiflora con ca. 575 especies es el género más rico de Passifloraceae cuyo centro de diversidad está en Colombia y Ecuador. Éste se divide en cinco subgéneros, entre estos Astrophea agrupa las especies arborescentes y leñosas. El propósito de la investigación fue conocer la diversidad y estado de conservación de especies del subgénero Astrophea para Colombia, sumando aspectos de distribución actual y potencial. Por lo anterior, se revisaron colecciones de herbarios nacionales e internacionales y literatura científica, complementando con colectas de campo. Los resultados fueron analizados con Excel© y los mapas obtenidos mediante Diva-GIS©, además los criterios de la IUCN se aplicaron para cada especie. Se registraron 375 observaciones, agrupadas en 24 especies y distribuidas en 28 departamentos, a lo largo de los valles interandinos del río Cauca y Magdalena. La distribución potencial, sugiere nichos asociados a las regiones de Amazonía y Orinoquía; bioregiones con amplios vacíos de colecta ubicadas dentro de las preferencias de distribución por rango altitudinal de las especies (0-500 m.s.n.m.). Las áreas con mayor riqueza son el centro occidente y nororiente del país con más de siete especies por zona. Pese a esto, el 80% de las especies están por fuera de áreas protegidas, lo que se agrava bajo los criterios de la IUCN, pues el 46% presentan algún grado de amenaza, además del alto porcentaje de endemismo (37,5%). Once especies son incluidas como nuevos reportes para 14 departamentos. Esfuerzos de colecta deben orientarse en las regiones de distribución potencial que poseen condiciones bioclimáticas óptimas para el desarrollo de las especies. | Passiflora con ca. 575 especies es el género más rico de Passifloraceae cuyo centro de diversidad está en Colombia y Ecuador. Éste se divide en cinco subgéneros, entre estos Astrophea agrupa las especies arborescentes y leñosas. El propósito de la investigación fue conocer la diversidad y estado de conservación de especies del subgénero Astrophea para Colombia, sumando aspectos de distribución actual y potencial. Por lo anterior, se revisaron colecciones de herbarios nacionales e internacionales y literatura científica, complementando con colectas de campo. Los resultados fueron analizados con Excel© y los mapas obtenidos mediante Diva-GIS©, además los criterios de la IUCN se aplicaron para cada especie. Se registraron 375 observaciones, agrupadas en 24 especies y distribuidas en 28 departamentos, a lo largo de los valles interandinos del río Cauca y Magdalena. La distribución potencial, sugiere nichos asociados a las regiones de Amazonía y Orinoquía; bioregiones con amplios vacíos de colecta ubicadas dentro de las preferencias de distribución por rango altitudinal de las especies (0-500 m.s.n.m.). Las áreas con mayor riqueza son el centro occidente y nororiente del país con más de siete especies por zona. Pese a esto, el 80% de las especies están por fuera de áreas protegidas, lo que se agrava bajo los criterios de la IUCN, pues el 46% presentan algún grado de amenaza, además del alto porcentaje de endemismo (37,5%). Once especies son incluidas como nuevos reportes para 14 departamentos. Esfuerzos de colecta deben orientarse en las regiones de distribución potencial que poseen condiciones bioclimáticas óptimas para el desarrollo de las especies.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of thermal manipulations during early and late embryogenesis on asymmetry in terms of sides of shank length, shank width and face length of broilers. Incubation conditions were 37.5°C and 55% relative humidity for control group throughout the incubation period until the 19th days. In the thermally treated eggs during early embryogenesis (8-10 days), incubation temperature was increased to 41°C and relative humidity to 65% for 3 hours (12.00-15.00) on the 8th-10th days of incubation. Also, in the late embryogenesis stage (16-18 days) incubation temperature was increased to 41°C and relative humidity to 65 % for 3 hours (12.00-15.00) on the 16th-18th days of incubation. Total 16 chickens were selected at randomly from all experimental groups to determine the asymmetry. The weekly left and right sides of shank length, shank width and face length of chickens were measured from 7 days of age to 35 days of age, and relative asymmetry values were calculated. There was no significant difference among the groups in point of relative asymmetry. Asymmetry values were reduced due to aging.

En el Laboratorio de Fitopatología de la Universidad de Caldas, Colombia, se evaluó el efecto de las con-centraciones 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32, 64, 96 y 240 ppm de la molécula MCW-2 sobre la mortalidad de poblaciones de nematodos de los géneros Radopholus, Pratylenchus, Meloidogyne y Helicotylenchus du-rante 24, 48 y 72 h de exposición. Como testigo relativo se empleó Carbofuran y como testigo absoluto se utilizó agua. Se empleo un diseño al azar en un arreglo factorial de dos productos, 12 concentraciones y tres tiempos de exposición. Los resultados indicaron que, los niveles de mortalidad en las concentracio-nes superiores a 16 ppm fueron mayores con MCW-2 que con Carbofuran; en todas las concentraciones la mortalidad aumentó a medida que el tiempo de exposición fue mayor; Meloidogyne fue el género más sen-sible a MCW-2, mientras que Pratylenchus lo fue a Carbofuran; la concentración letal media de MCW-2 para los cuatro géneros de nematodos fue < de 125 ppm y la de Carbofuran varió entre 415 y 715 ppm. Se concluye que MCW-2 constituye una buena opción para el control de nematodos en plátano, aunque es necesario evaluarlo en plántulas en condiciones de campo.

To establish the effectiveness of a molecule with nematicida action against parasitic nematode of the plantain, experiments were conducted at the Phytopathology laboratory of the University of Caldas. The effect of concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 16.0, 32.0, 64.0, 96.0 y 240.0 ppm of MCW-2 was evaluated on the mortality of populations of nematodes of the genera Radopholus, Pratylenchus, Meloidogyne y Helicotylenchus during 24, 48 and 72 h of exposition. As the relative control Carbofuran was used. The absolute control was the treatment with water. A randomized experimental design was used in a factorial arrangement of two products, 12 concentrations and three times of exposure. The levels of mortality at concentrations above 16 ppm were higher with MCW-2 than with Carbofuran and vice versa; that in all of the concentrations mortality increased with the time of exposition; that Meloidogyne was the genus most sensitive to MCW-2 while Pratylenchus so was to Carbofuran and that the 50% lethal concentration for MCW-2 for the four genera of nematodes was below 115 ppm and to Carbofuran was between 415 and 715 ppm. It was concluded that MCW-2 constitutes a good option to the control of nematodes in plantain, although it necessary to evaluate it on plants growing in plastic bags. | En el Laboratorio de Fitopatología de la Universidad de Caldas, Colombia, se evaluó el efecto de las concentraciones 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32, 64, 96 y 240 ppm de la molécula MCW-2 sobre la mortalidad de poblaciones de nematodos de los géneros Radopholus, Pratylenchus, Meloidogyne y Helicotylenchus durante 24, 48 y 72 h de exposición. Como testigo relativo se empleó Carbofurán y como testigo absoluto se utilizó agua. Se uso un diseño al azar, en un arreglo factorial de dos productos, doce concentraciones y tres tiempos de exposición. Los resultados indicaron que los niveles de mortalidad en las concentraciones superiores a 16 ppm fueron mayores con MCW-2 que con Carbofurán; en todas las concentraciones la mortalidad aumentó a medida que el tiempo de exposición fue mayor; Meloidogyne fue el género más sensible a MCW-2, mientras que Pratylenchus lo fue a Carbofurán; la concentración letal media de MCW-2 para los cuatro géneros de nematodos fue < de 125 ppm y la de Carbofurán varió entre 415 y 715 ppm. Se concluye que MCW-2 constituye una buena opción para el control de nematodos en plátano, aunque es necesario evaluarlo en plántulas en condiciones de campo.

In this study, the effect of using gamma irradiated barley and wheat 0, 10 and 100 kiloGray (kGy) and enzyme supplementation on the egg product criterions and external and internal egg quality was examined. In this experiment, 36 weeks old, 324 Brown Nick laying hens were used for ten week. The study was a randomized complete block design with 9 dietary treatments within 6 blocks of 54 pens each 6 birds per pen. Although egg weight was not significantly affected by gamma irradiation; enzyme supplementation of barley based diet significantly increased egg weight compared to barley control group. As egg mass production was considered, enzyme and 100 kGy gamma irradiation significantly improved the egg mass production compared to barley control. The feed conversion ratio was significantly improved by using gamma irradiated barley and enzyme in barley based diets (P

Calla (Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) K. Spreng), is a cut flower which had obtained importance in recent years, but postharvest handling is limited. Thus, in order to know the fluorescein concentration effect and pH of pulse solution on inflorescences calla postharvest, were evaluated in Teotitlan de Flores Magon, Oaxaca-Mexico, four fluorescein concentrations (0, 20, 40 and 60 %, respectively) and two pH levels (acid and alkaline) in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement, having a total of 24 experimental units, which was established by vase life and calla inflorescence with white spathe color, immersed in a fluorescein solution adjusted as appropriate at acidic or alkaline pH, where response variables were as follows: vase life, water consumption, stem diameter, absorption fluorescein stem base and fluorescein vertical absorption by floral scape. Results indicates the increased vase life is achieved at alkaline pH by fluorescein addition of 20, 40 and 60 %, respectively. Likewise, the higher water consumption is achieved at this pH. From this research, we can conclude fluorescein can affect the calla physiology for increasing vase life. | Calla (Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) K. Spreng), is a cut flower which had obtained importance in recent years, but postharvest handling is limited. Thus, in order to know the fluorescein concentration effect and pH of pulse solution on inflorescences calla postharvest, were evaluated in Teotitlan de Flores Magon, Oaxaca-Mexico, four fluorescein concentrations (0, 20, 40 and 60 %, respectively) and two pH levels (acid and alkaline) in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement, having a total of 24 experimental units, which was established by vase life and calla inflorescence with white spathe color, immersed in a fluorescein solution adjusted as appropriate at acidic or alkaline pH, where response variables were as follows: vase life, water consumption, stem diameter, absorption fluorescein stem base and fluorescein vertical absorption by floral scape. Results indicates the increased vase life is achieved at alkaline pH by fluorescein addition of 20, 40 and 60 %, respectively. Likewise, the higher water consumption is achieved at this pH. From this research, we can conclude fluorescein can affect the calla physiology for increasing vase life.