To increase yield and quality in agricultural production, it is necessary to perform management against diseases and pests. Alternaria, which causes several diseases in many economically important plants, is the most common species and widely distributed in nature. One of the important species reported in sweet cherry in recent years is Alternaria alternata. Many studies have emphasized the necessity of effective control with Alternaria species and examined the use of environmentally friendly methods against fungal diseases. In recent years, the use of plant extracts has increased due to their antimicrobial properties. Antifungal effects of Datura stramonium L., Vitex agnus-castus L., Xanthium strumarium L., Capsella bursa-pastoris L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Viscum album L., Echinophora tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana (Guss.) Tutin, Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., Tribulus terrestris L., Solanum nigrum L., Nerium oleander L., Circium arvense (L.) Scop. and Brassica oleracea L. aqueous extracts were determined against Alternaria alternata. At the end of the 7-day incubation period, the mycelial growth of the fungi was measured and the antifungal effect of plant extracts was determined. As a result, the extracts were determined to inhibit mycelial growth compared to control. The plant water extracts used in the study were determined to inhibit the mycelial development of the pathogen by 20.20% to 77.12%. It is considered that different solvents and concentrations should be addressed to guide further studies. It was also concluded that potential plant species that may show anti-fungal properties should be evaluated.

A screen printed gold electrode (SPGE) served as the foundation for directly depositing Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), crafting an enzyme-free glucose sensor. Through cyclic voltammetry in an alkaline setting, the sensor's ability to drive glucose oxidation was explored. Utilizing V2O5 as an electrocatalyst, this non-enzymatic sensor exhibited an expansive linear detection range (1 mM–10 mM) and an impressively low detection limit of 0.9 μM. These results underscored V2O5's robust electrocatalytic process in facilitating glucose oxidation within alkaline solutions, unaffected notably by substances like ascorbic acid, fructose and maltose. This investigation highlights a direct and efficient method for glucose detection without reliance on enzymes.

Root-knot nematodes (RKN), (Meloidogyne spp.), are the major biotic factor responsible for the limiting production of Kiwifruit in Nepal including Kiwifruit orchard of Warm Temperate Horticulture Center, Nepal. Hence, there is a pressing demand for nematicides that are both easily accessible and cost-effective while being environmentally friendly. A screenhouse experiment was conducted in the Summer of 2023 with an objective to evaluate the effects of different plant extracts, bio-control agents, and chemical nematicides against RKN on Kiwifruit seedlings. The experiment was set up in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications and eight treatments which include the extracts of Allium sativum and Lantana camara, Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Cartap hydrochloride, Fosthiazate, Inoculated control and Uninoculated control. The results revealed that Trichoderma viride proved to be the most effective in reducing the nematode population, displaying a low root gall index of 3.11, a minimal reproductive factor of 0.24, and a high percentage of nematode control at 91.71%. It was also found to be efficient in promoting the growth parameters of Kiwifruit seedlings. Additionally, regression analysis exhibited a significantly positive interaction between root gall index and reproductive factor, while indicating a negative interaction between reproductive factor and growth parameters. Therefore, T. viride (@ 20 gm per 2000 cm3 of soil) should be soil drenched before the seedlings are transplanted into the main field for effective and sustainable management of RKN. Nevertheless, further research is needed to determine the efficacy of T. viride in infested roots of Kiwifruit trees in field condition of Kiwifruit orchard.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation necessitates an adequate supply of nitrogen to achieve optimal growth and yield. This study, conducted in Nawalparasi West from February to June 2023, aimed to assess the effects of nitrogen management through a foliar spray of nano urea, compared to need-based nitrogen management using the Leaf Color Chart (LCC) and the Recommended Dose of urea Fertilizer (RDF) application. The experiment followed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, incorporating four nitrogen management levels (Control, RDF through urea fertilizer (120 kg/ha), 25% of RDF through basal urea (30 kg/ha) + nano urea, and 25% of RDF through basal urea (30 kg/ha) + (LCC) and two rice varieties (Chaite-5 and Hardinath-1). The results indicated that the LCC-based treatment produced the highest grain yield at 5.18 mt/ha, statistically similar to the yield of the nano urea-based treatment (5.04 mt/ha). The enhanced yields were attributed to more effective tillers per m² (260.17 tillers/m² and 253.17 tillers/m², respectively), longer panicle length (28.12 cm and 25.99 cm), more filled grains per panicle (210.03 and 215.73), and lower sterility percentage (24.93% and 26.95%). Despite comparable yields, nano urea application proved to be more cost-effective [97,926.10 Nepalese Rupees (NRs)] with a higher benefit-cost ratio (1.78) and greater ease of application for farmers compared to the LCC. Varietal responses varied, with Hardinath-1 exhibiting the highest yield with LCC-based nitrogen application (5.37 mt/ha), and Chaite-5 demonstrating the highest yield (4.778 mt/ha); with nano urea-based nitrogen application (5.31 mt/ha). Chaite-5 displayed a greater effective number of tillers per m² (241.42 tillers/m²) and filled grains per panicle (224.56). Consequently, it is suggested that nano urea-based nitrogen application, particularly in conjunction with a variety of Chaite-5, holds the potential for improved productivity.

This research; it was established under the Sakarya ecological conditions and carried out for 2 years between 2021 and 2023 to determine the yield and quality characteristics of some fodder beet varieties. The experiment was set up with four replications in a randomized blocks trial design. Rekord, Rota, Ursus and Zentaur varieties were used in this research. In the study; in tubers; length (cm), diameter (cm), aboveground length ratio (%), yield (kg/da), dry matter content (%), dry matter yield (kg/da), crude protein ratio (%), sugar ratio (%) and weight loss in storage (%) and in leaves; yield (kg/da), length (cm), width (cm), dry matter ratio (%), dry matter yield (kg/da) and crude protein ratio (%) properties were investigated. The most positive data in the study were obtained from the Ursus variety (In tuber: length; 29.1 cm, yield; 19.309 kg/da, dry matter content; 15.9%, crude protein ratio; 9.30%, sugar ratio; 6.35%, and in leaves; length; 61.0 cm, yield; 2.585 kg/da, dry matter content; 14.0%, crude protein ratio; 23.5%).

Salinity, one of the most significant abiotic stress factors restricting plant production, causes the destruction of agricultural lands and reduces productivity. In recent years, the utilization of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) applications, which have important effects in terms of avoiding and providing tolerance to factors by impacting the physiology and metabolism of the plants, has been on the agenda. In this research, the impacts of foliar treatments of different levels of 5-ALA (0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mM) on morphological and physiological traits of 41 B American grapevine rootstocks under salinity stress (NaCl solution starting with 25 mM and reaching 150 mM concentration) were investigated. Salinity stress caused significant decreases in growth parameters, chlorophyll content, RWC and stomatal conductance, and significant increases in leaf temperature, proline and MDA content, physical damage and membrane damage degree. Under salinity stress, 0.9 mM 5-ALA treatments resulted in significant increases in shoot length (14.67 cm), root length (34.50 cm), leaf thickness (0.23 µm) leaf area (31.37 cm2), leaf number (8.67 pieces), chlorophyll content (21.83 SPAD), RWC (80.20%), proline content (0.19 μmol.g-1) and stomatal conductance (78.05 mmol.m-2.s-1); and significant decreases in physical damage degree (1.00 scale degree), membrane injury degree (15.46%) and MDA content (28.20 nmol.g-1) compared to non-ALA treatments. According to the results of this study, 5-ALA can be recommended as an alternative application to provide salinity tolerance in plants in order to reduce the damage caused by salinity stress in agricultural lands.

Since the concept of brand has a wide and diverse range, it is divided into different groups from different perspectives. Local brands are products that are produced, manufactured, and sold by a company in a specific city or that are distributed in a constrained area. This study’s primary goal is to assess how local brands selling milk and dairy products in a particular region are perceived by local consumers. It also seeks to analyze the standing of local producers in this sector and consumer attitudes toward regionally branded goods by highlighting the significance of milk and dairy products in terms of human health. The study makes use of survey information from 381 households in Süleymanpaşa Districts of Tekirdağ-Türkiye. The data were analyzed using fundamental statistical techniques, factor analysis, and logistic regression analysis. In the survey, it was found that 85.0% of participants were familiar with the idea of local brand, while just 15.0% were not. Consumers who said they buy local brand milk and dairy products made up 78% of the sample. Consumers found local products to be more natural and tastier than national brands. According to the factor analysis, the judgements influencing customers’ preference for local brand milk and dairy products were classified into five factors. These factors are named as naturalness and quality, price and promotion, health, food safety, brand and image. Logistic regression analysis was used to explain the association between purchasing local brand milk and dairy products and factor scores, as well as knowing the notion of local brand. Those who favor “Naturalness and Quality” in purchased milk and dairy products are nearly three times more likely than those who do not to purchase local brand milk and dairy goods. With a probability of 68.4%, those who do not understand the notion of local brand will not purchase local branded products.

This study compared the accuracy of various soil phosphorus assessment methods to measure the soil's ability to supply plants with phosphorus over a brief period in the field. Twenty individual soil samples were collected from a standing wheat (Triticum aestivum L) crop at depths ranging from zero to twenty centimeters. An equivalent plant spike sample was also procured from the soil sampling fields. In comparison to the wet acid digestion method used to detect phosphorus in plants, several methods were utilized to assess phosphorus in the soil, including resin extractable phosphorus, AB-DTPA extractable phosphorus, NaHCO3 extractable phosphorus, water-soluble phosphorus in suspension, and paste. The levels of variation and deficiency of phosphorus, which were found by different methods followed different patterns as shown by the fact that, AB-DTPA method finds phosphorus deficiency in 20% of samples while on the other hand, Olsen method finds phosphorus deficiency in 80% of samples. Even with such a small sampling area, none of the procedures showed a significant correlation with any other method that might account for uneven variation among the samples when determined by distinct procedures. However, corrections were observed to a certain degree between ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA) extractable and resin, as well as between other procedures and the plant P scale. Both resin and ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA) had a strong relationship with plant phosphorus, with the former showing a significant correlation of 0.48 and 0.21, respectively. Hence Resin and AB-DTPA methods are recommended for the determination of phosphorus under certain soil and plant conditions.

In the research conducted under the conditions of Tokat, silage triticale-vetch mixture-second crop silage corn rotation was applied. The study used four different tillage methods to compare the quality and product yield of the seedbed prepared for silage triticale-vetch mixture. Conventional tillage method (M1), conservation tillage method (M2), reduced tillage method (M3), and direct sowing (M4) methods were applied. Seedbed quality: It was evaluated regarding soil moisture content, bulk density, penetration resistance, degree of soil fragmentation, and surface roughness for depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm. The effect of soil tillage methods on porosity, surface roughness, and green grass yield were statistically insignificant. Although there were statistical differences between the methods regarding soil moisture content (MC), bulk density (BD), penetration resistance (PR), and mean weight diameter values (MWD), the values are within the limit values determined for plant growth. However, crop yield is the same between soil tillage methods. This result shows that alternative tillage methods are applicable when evaluated in sustainable agriculture, which does not create a statistically significant difference in crop yield compared to conventional tillage.

Buğday özellikle insanların beslenmesinde büyük rol üstlenmiştir. Yetiştirilmesi son derece zahmetsiz olsada yapılan araştırmalar, iklim değişikliğinden buğdayında olumsuz etkileneceğini ortaya koymuştur. Anadolu’da buğday ekili alanlarda verim ve kaliteyi arttırmak için gübreleme yapılmaktadır. Gübreleme yapılırken uygulanan miktara, uygulama zamanına ve gübre türüne dikkat edilmesi gerekir. Kontrolsüz yapılan gübreleme toprağa ve çevreye zarar vermektedir. Toprağı verimsiz hale getirirken, atmosferede sera gazı salınımına neden olacaktır. Bu durum ise buğday üretiminde ki karbon ayak izinin artmasına neden olacaktır. Yaptığımız bu çalışma da buğday üretimi yapılırken çiftçiler tarafından kullanılan gübrelerin, kullanım miktarına bağlı olarak ürettiği karbon ayak izini hesapladık.