Nigeria as nation has over the years engaged in lots of developmental activities without actions which makes achievements to elude the people. Development of societies doesn’t happen in the vacuum. Thus, the adoption of Structural Adjustment Program, SAP, by Nigeria leading to the neglect of the custom periodic National Plan at a time when Nigeria had no structure for development was the beginning of journey to widened inequality and large poverty incidence, depth and severity. To close the gap between the rich and the poor, the Nigeria government had designed and implemented some programs and policies whose implementation has not solved the inherent problems. In year 2000, the world leaders subscribed to the Millennium Development Goals to ensure synergized global approach to solving the poverty menace. Programs designed in Nigeria to achieve the MDGs focused on the urban centers thereby relegating the rural areas which are responsible for the feeding of the teeming population of the urban dwellers. Farming households and the general rural communities do not have access to clean water, quality education and health facilities, good feeder roads, affordable and safe energy as well as other socioeconomic and socio-infrastructural facilities that would ensure sustainable living for the people whose contribution to the national economy cannot be overemphasized. This study therefore looks at the structural actions the Nigeria government should embarked upon to ensure that the rural dweller have access to life. As the government would be developing programs and policies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals whose priority is the end poverty in all forms and everywhere by 2030, this study reveals how to position the rural economy for developmental attention from the policy makers.

According to the scientists, the world's population by 2050 is estimated to exceed 9 billion, in order to meet the nutritional needs of people, it is expected that in the future to need more food production than today. Therefore in the world, food organizations, institutions and communities various action plans provide in the reports published. In these plans, diversification of the production, fast, quick and easy way to produce food, less harmful farming practices to the nature and the environment, and etc. topics are included. In line these plans with last years, the greater the number of species used as food and with ease of cultivation, mushrooms and mushroom cultivations are gaining importance. For this purpose, the determination of the diversity of edible mushrooms in nature and investigation that how can be taken to culture, it will also provide support to the production of different species of mushrooms. In the field studies performed between 2011 and 2013, after taking pictures on their habitats mushroom samples, collected within the Çorum province limits, were brought to the laboratory wrapped in aluminum foil properly. After measuring and studying on special structures under a microscope in the laboratory, they were identified according to the literature. Fungarium tag were prepared for identified mushrooms. These mushrooms, made into the Fungarium materials, were stored in Fungarium of the Directorate of Mushroom Application and Research Centre of Selçuk University. In conclusion, according to the literature four taxa belong to Ascomycota and 52 taxa belong to Basidiomycota, in totally of 56 taxa were found to be edible feature. These 56 taxa were represented by two divisio, four ordo and 14 families. The localities of identified species in the provincial boundaries are given. The names of species known among people with ethno mycological research, done during field studies, also were detected.

The rheological properties of koumiss were investigated at different temperatures (4, 10, and 20°C). Experimental shear stress–shear rate data were fitted to different rheological models. The consistency of koumiss was predicted by using the power-law model since it described the consistency of koumiss best with highest regression coefficient and lowest errors (root mean square error and chi-square). Koumiss exhibited shear thinning behavior (n

One of the significant crops in Mediterrenean countries is olive (Olea europaea) and an important amount of this fruit are manufactured for direct human consumption. In this study, table olives were produced from Gemlik type of green and black cultivars that grown in Osmaniye, Turkey by using different salt concentrations (8-14%). By the increase of salt concentrations in brines, moisture contents of olives also increased and moisture values of green and black types ranged between 45.24-54.90% and 46.04-56.53% respectively. Salt contents of olives were in the interval of 1.21-5.22% for green olives and 2.32-5.58% for black olives. It was also established that the diffusivity coefficients (Deff) increased due to increasing salt concentrations and found between 4.38 × 10-8- 6.59 × 10-7 (m2s-1) for green olives and black olives as 3.79 × 10-8 - 3.56 × 10-7 (m2s-1). The lactic acid concentration of green olives was higher than black ones and calculated as between 0.439-0.452% and 0.412-0.441%. On the other hand, it was determined that lactic acid production was higher for Gemlik olives that fermented in 10% and 12% brine solutions in comparison with others. Reducing sugar contents of green olives were lower than black ones and recorded in the gap of 4.76-1.88% and 4.89-2.01% during fermentation process.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a natural antioxidant derived from rosemary extract on the stabilization of palmolein oil during deep-fat frying of Noodles. Palmolein oil with tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), a synthetic antioxidant and palmolein without antioxidant were used as positive controls. Thermo-oxidative transformation were measured according to various physical and chemical parameters. Total polar compounds (TPC), free fatty acids (FFA) were measured during the study. All the parameters evaluated in the study increased with the number of frying cycles. The order of effectiveness of antioxidants for inhibition of palmolein oil degradation in deep-noodles was: PRESOL (rosemary based extract) > TBHQ > Control. In terms of oil consumption, it was observed that noodles fried in oil with rosemary extract had lower value of oil consumption as compared to TBHQ and control. The TBHQ degradation kinetics was also evaluated with frying cycle. It showed an exponential decay with increase in frying cycles. Also samples containing natural antioxidant had a least changes in the colour as compared to TBHQ and control at the end of frying cycle.

In this study the resistance of 200 Enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from seawater in Giresun Coasts (Black Sea) to 9 different antibiotics was investigated by agar diffusion methods. Antibiotic resistance levels of isolates was determined respectively, Erythromycin (E): 82%, Cefazolin (CZ): 46.50%, Cefotaxime (CTX): 50.50%, Amikacin (AK): 41.50%, Nalidixic acid (NA): 34.50%, Tetracycline (TE): 30.50%, Chloramphenicol (C): 36.50%, Cefuroxime (CXM): 35.50% and Ampicillin (AM): 15.50%. It was found that 2 isolates resistant to all antibiotics, 5 isolates sensitive and 91% of all isolates multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index values were higher than 0.2. It was concluded that bacteriological quality in Giresun coastal area could cause public health problems due to the not provided necessary hygiene and sanitation.

A two year old boerboel bitch with dark greenish vaginal discharge and history of over 24 hours of difficult labor was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital University of Ibadan for clinical examination and treatment. The owner had wrongfully given oxytocin after observation of signs of parturition. Following careful physical and clinical examinations of the bitch by Veterinary doctors, dystocia due to obstruction of maternal birth canal by a dead fetus was diagnosed. Treatment regimen was by digital manipulation which stimulated cervical dilatation and careful delivery of dead fetus via the vagina. Thereafter, oxytocin was administered to augment the bitch’s weak uterine contraction. Four weak puppies were delivered out of which three survived following adequate treatment.

In this study consumers’ perception of, and purchase intention for genetically modified foods were examined in the city center of Hatay. The data of the 343 surveys were collected by using the face to face interview method. The data were analyzed by means of Likert Scale, and Spearman Correlation Analysis. According to the survey results, consumers’ risk perceptions about genetically modified foods are quite high. Consumers don’t willingly purchase genetically modified foods, and they intend to consume foods grown in traditional methods. High risk perceptions have a determining role on consumers’ views about genetically modified foods and their purchase intention for them. Another outcome from this study is that consumers’ awareness and knowledge levels about genetically modified foods are quite low, and that their perceptions and attitudes are mostly based on biases.

Agricultural development is now expected to proceed in a way that maximizes opportunities to improve health and nutrition. Accordingly, the term “nutrition-education-agriculture linkages” describes the set of relationships that shows the mutual dependence of nutrition, education and agriculture. Changes in nutrition or education status are expected to affect agricultural production; conversely changes in the agricultural sector can have significant effects on individual health and nutritional status. Professionals in are trained in nutrition or agriculture, but very few will be trained in both. It is therefore difficult to begin discussions on nutrition-focused agricultural programs and policies. How do we begin to identify these linked outcomes? And how do we begin to think about ways to impact factors that are outside of our sector of expertise? This paper provides a simple framework for thinking critically about nutrition, education and agriculture linkages. The purpose is to help readers identify the linkages of greatest importance to their goals and to begin thinking about how to take steps toward integrating programs more effectively.

This research was carried out to determine the interaction between some bacteria naturally existing in casing soil and Agaricus bisporus (Sylvan Hauser A15) hypha in laboratory (in vitro) and cultivation (in vivo) conditions, and to confirm its effects on mushroom yield. Totally 32 bacteria (3 Gram (+) and 29 Fluorescent Pseudomonads) was isolated from casing soil and healthy sporophores. As a result of in vitro experiment carried out to determine the effects of bacteria on mycelium growth of A. bisporus, 24 bacterial isolates were found more effective at the rate of 2 to 115% than control treatment. To determine the effects of bacterium, chosen at the end of in vitro experiments, on mushroom yield in cultivation conditions, three experiments were established in March, May and July in 2008. At the end of experiments, bacterial isolates provided 8 – 40 % increase in total yield. Population density and change in population number related to time was observed during growing period, after the inoculation of bacterial isolates into casing soil. According to the results, Pseudomonas fluorescens (T 4/2 and Ş 8), P.putida (Ş 2/1 and Ş 10) and Bacillus mycoides (T 7/2) bacterial isolates were colonized successfully both in casing soil and sporophores.