In this study, the energy analyses of wheat production were compared for various geographic regions as Central Anatolia, Black Sea, Mediterranean, Eastern Anatolia and the Marmara. For this purpose, the data obtained from different studies conducted in these geographical regions were used. Five key indicators to assess the energy analyses in wheat production in the geographical regions of Turkey (energy profitability, specific energy, energy efficiency, energy use and net energy) were considered. As a result, the lowest specific energy was obtained in the Mediterranean/Adana region with 2.22 MJ kg-1, while the highest specific energy was obtained in the East Anatolia with 10.51 MJ kg-1. The lowest and highest energy use efficiency was obtained with 2.36 and 7.88 in the Black Sea/Samsun and East Anatolia/Erzurum region, respectively. The highest energy use rate is fertilizer energy in total input energy of the wheat production for geographical regions of Turkey.

This study has been carried out to investigate that the effect of different levels of in ovo zinc, manganese and copper mineral mix injection on the hatchability and some tissue characteristics in the Japanese quail breeder eggs. In the study a total 400 Japanese quail breeder eggs which have similar weight have been randomly distributed to four different experimental groups: C as control non-injected (C), MinMix1 has been injected with 15+15+3 µg Zn-Mn-Cu mineral mix + 0.2 ml physiological serum per egg, MinMix2 has been injected with 30+30+6 µg Zn-Mn-Cu mineral mix + 0.2 ml physiological serum per egg and MinMix3 has been injected with 45+45+9 µg Zn-Mn-Cu mineral mix + 0.2 ml physiological serum per egg. The effect of treatment on hatchability, hatching weight and tibia weight, leg, beak and tibia lengths has been found to be unimportant. The yolk sac weight was lower in the injected groups compared to the control group, whereas the heart and liver weights, chick and wing lengths have significantly increased with the in ovo mineral mix injection. The hatching of chicks in the injected groups has started earlier than the control group and the hatchings of these groups were completed earlier, except for the MinMix3 group. These results demonstrated that in ovo injection with MinMix2 increased heart and liver weights and chick and wing lengths while in ovo mineral injection decreased yolk sac.

In this study, a morphometric investigation was carried out on the Akbash Turkish shepherd dog breed using 30 exterior parameters. The study consisted of 96 dogs (54 males and 42 females) ranging in age from 2 to 9 years. All dogs were bred in the West Anatolia region of Turkey, around the city of Eskisehir. The following exterior parameters were measured and their means were obtained: height at withers (65.22±3.99 cm), height at mid-back (62.24±4.24 cm), height at rump (64.97±4.16 cm), height at base of tail (58.2±5.01 cm), height to elbow (36.07±4.06 cm), height to knee (35.83±4.96 cm), height to hock (17.08±3.21 cm), height to tip of sternum (45.12±4.30 cm), body length (70.58±5.58 cm), chest depth (29.58±3.23 cm), chest width (21.02±3.18 cm), breast width (16.86±3.41 cm), chest circumference (77.86±7.05 cm), pastern circumference (13.27±1.67 cm), rump length (19.21±3.27 cm), pelvic width (8.65±2.18 cm), rump protuberance width (7.58±3.02 cm), head length (27.20±2.85 cm), skull length (16.58±1.92 cm), muzzle length (10.30±2.35 cm), skull width (14.06±1.96 cm), muzzle width (7.60±1.26 cm). According to the obtained morphological characteristics the dog has a rectangular body format, and the rump is somewhat higher than the height at the withers. According to its craniological characteristics it belongs to the group of mesaticephalic dogs. The width of the skull is smaller than its length. Angles of the hind legs are more open than angles of the front legs.

Some vegetative properties measured in fruit trees are important indicators in examining of plant growth calculation, estimation of leaf area index in evapotranspiration, fertilizer requirement etc. These measurements reflect the effects of the cultivation treatments in many areas of commercial growing and scientific studies. One of the most important measurements is the status of the canopy development. Canopy width, area and volume can be measured with some calculations. However, more technological equipment may be needed to reduce work and labor, and to make the results more precise and clearer. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles, which have become widespread, have a wide potential for use in agriculture. By using image processing methods, it is possible to make more objective and high accuracy evaluations much faster. In this study, the images of the apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh) cultivar Golden grafted onto MM106 rootstock, were taken by light unmanned aerial vehicle to calculate the canopy area and then these images were analyzed using image processing methods for calculating canopy areas. Both circular and elliptical calculation methods were used. The area calculations with image processing methods were compared with the areas obtained manually. Comparisons were made by regression analysis. For the most successful method R value was 0.9662 for elliptic area and 0.9346 for circular area which was calculated by image processing. The results demonstrated that the image processing can be an alternative method to determine the canopy area according to accuracy ratios.

In this study, principal component analysis has been applied on data comprising of 6675 gene and 20 sequence collected by using cDNA microarray technology from livers of mice used in toxicology studies in certain time periods. Forming of gene groups from similar expression profiles and description of related genes which are implemented by similar component loads among the groups have been explained by using this cDNA technology. Besides that, interpretation and decomposition of factors (components) from correlation matrix which belongs to same data group have been explained. Some of the methods developed for minimizing the data set to fewer components which can explain the whole data structure have been evaluated. According to methods, if we assume that the first 9 eigen values are enough to describe the whole variance, then in this case, it is thought that it is good enough to describe the whole variance by using 9 eigen values with a variance loss of 20,79% instead of describing the whole variance by using 20 eigen values.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the quality characteristics of different dry beans (Önceler 98, Göynük 98, Yunus 90, Topçu, Aras 98, Alberto, Bermaz, Noyanbey 98, Akman 98, Göksün, Karacaşehir 98) cultivars. The research, which was planned to be 20 plants per square meter and 4 repetitions, was conducted in Eastern Anatolia (Elazig) between May and September in 2017. The grain number per plant, grain weight per the plant, 100 grain weight, protein, starch and oil ratios of bean varieties were examined. At the end of the study, the number of grains per plant, grain weight of plant, 100 grain weight, protein, starch and fat ratio of beans varieties was between 25.45-159.85 piece, 19.00-51.15 g, 21.18-49.62 g, 24.65-28.24%, 40.80-46.31% 1.02-1.77% respectively. The highest values were determined for protein ratio (%) on Noyan Bey 98 cultivar and for grain weight of plant, starch ratio, fat ratio (%) on Göynük 98 cultivar among bean varieties.

Honey is the most known and consumed bee product by consumers. Therefore, from the past to the present, the investigation of the factors affecting the supply and consumption of honey has been on the agenda of the researchers. For this purpose, in our survey study, the effects of honey sales carried out via television channels (commercials) on consumers were investigated. According to the survey results, it was determined that 87.91% of consumers had a negative view about honey sales performed via television, 3.54% had a positive opinion, and 8.55% had no opinion on the issue. It was found that 5.83% of consumers bought honey through television commercials, and the education, income, gender and number of individuals in their households have an effect on the tendency to buy honey. Regarding the exposing of companies selling fake or adulterated honey by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, results showed that this situation positively affected 54.53 of consumers in terms of trust in honey positively, affected 13.30% of consumers negatively, and did not affect 13.30% of consumers in any way. As a result, deceptive honey commercials lead to consumer abuse and create an environment of distrust of honey. In order to minimize speculation on honey, it is seen necessary to increase deterrent penalties for businesses that lead to unfair competition.

This study was carried out to evaluate the socio-economic structure and organic farming activities of grape producers in Besni. A face-to-face survey was conducted with producers producing organic grapes. Data were obtained by interviewing a total of 50 producers. The number of organic products grown between 2005 and 2018 increased from 205 to 213 in Turkey. The number of producers engaged in cultivation in this area has increased more than 5 times compared to 2005. It reached nearly 80.000 in 2018. The area of organic vegetable production increased from 203.811 to 626.884 hectares in Turkey. While the production area increased 2.5 times, the production amount increased almost 4 times. Today, a variety of products in organic vegetable production, planting area, the number of farmers has increased in Turkey. The findings were obtained education level of the producers, the number of individuals in the family, record keeping, annual total income, newspaper reading, grape yield, grape cultivation area, property and rental land, credit usage, weed control, organic farming knowledge level, organic farming by using variables such as thoughts and grape variety. There are serious differences between conventional agriculture and organic farming. The family structure is effective in production activities. It has been determined that the thoughts of organic farming have changed depending on the age and experience of the producers. Organic grape producers have turned to organic farming due to their desire to sell their products at higher prices with state supports. Also, it has been suggested that organic farming is important in terms of the sustainability of living life all over the world. Increasing producer income and environmental awareness are among the main reasons for the transition to organic farming.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous Melatonin (100, 300 and 500 µM) and L-tryptophan (125, 250, 375 ppm) applications on some growth parameters of lettuce plants grown under salt stress. The study was carried out under semi-controlled greenhouse conditions in spring (March/April) season. The exogenous applications to lettuce plants were carried out two times as foliar spraying. Salt stress was generated by adding NaCl (0 mM, 100 mM, 200 mM) to irrigation water. The complete randomized design was used with three replications in this experiment. At the end of the study, it was found that the highest doses of exogenous applications had the highest effect on the parameters of the number of leaves, salinity necrosis, fresh leaf weight, fresh root weight, and total surface area of lettuce plants under 200 mM salinity condition. When the effects of the subtract on these values were compared, the effect of melatonin was found to be more pronounced. Leaf width, leaf length, and leaf surface temperature values were not affected by the external application. These values only changed depending on salt concentration. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the application of 500 µM melatonin significantly increased salt tolerance in lettuce plants. However, in order to reach a more general conclusion, the dose ranges and genotype/variety numbers should be increased.

This study was conducted to determine tolerance levels of different radish varieties (white, black, red, little red radish) under salt stress conditions and to evaluate the effectiveness of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) application on germination and vegetative development. For this purpose; germination percentage (%), germination time (day), germination index calculated, and then number of leaves, shoot length (cm), root length (cm), leaf width (cm), leaf length (cm), stem diameter (mm), plant fresh and dry weights (g) were measured. Radish seeds were germinated at control, 100 mM, 150 mM and 200 mM salt concentrations. Salt stress did not inhibit germination at a high level but negatively affected the vegetative growth of plants. According to the results of the statistical analysis of the data obtained, 150 mM was determined as the threshold value. Then, SA was applied to seeds treated with 150 mM salt concentration at different doses (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 mM). SA had a positive effect on germination in saline conditions in general and it was concluded that 0.50 mM SA could be applied for germination percentages in all cultivars. However, 1 mM SA inhibited the germination of big red and little red radish cultivars, causing sudden and severe germination losses (10%, 8%, respectively). The effects of SA on vegetative growth parameters differed by cultivar and it was found to be inhibitory in terms of vegetative growth characteristics of white radish cultivar. On the other hand, 0.50 mM SA in black and big red, 0.75 mM SA in little red cultivar gave promoting results for vegetative growth.