Growing environmental and human health awareness due to increased concerns caused by intensive agriculture, has resulted a trend toward organic farming. Organic farming first started in the mid-1980s worldwide, introduced in Türkiye during 1989–1999 with raisin, fig and apricot, and then hazelnut was included in these products. In our country, total of 21.418,57 tons of organic hazelnut production occurs on 12.129,24 ha in 18 provinces. Considering the entire hazelnut production area, organic production is quite low. Organic hazelnut production requires daily monitoring of mechanical control and cultivation measures in the orchard. In addition to this intensive labor, the extraordinary increase in agricultural inputs in the recent period may explain such a low production amount. However, given the recent environmental disasters in the world, human and environmental friendly production systems such as organic agriculture should be encouraged in order to restore the natural balance that has been significantly damaged.

Dermatophytosis is a mycotic disease of the skin that is resistant to treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the treatment efficacy of a novel antimicrobial agent, Hypochlorous Acid (HOCL), on dermatophytosis of cats and dogs, in comparison with Ketaconazole. In this study, a total of 76 animals (26 cats and 50 dogs) without any disease other than skin fungal infection after clinical, hematological, biochemical, microscopic and Wood's lamp examinations were used. Subjects were randomly assigned to two equal treatment groups within their own species as HOCL: HP and Ketaconazole: KT. Naked eye inspection results were collected on the 8th, 11th and 15th days of all patients. The study was terminated on the 15th day by collecting the Wood's lamp and microscopic examination data together with the last inspection finding. Findings were analyzed statistically with chi-square and CART (Classification and Regression Tree) algorithm test. Inspection results of the treatment groups exhibited significant recovery over time (day 8, 11 and 15) for both species (p0.05). According to the microscopic examination results, a significant statistical difference was observed between the HP and KT groups (p0.05). As a result, it was concluded that HOCl has an effect on dermatophytosis of cat and dogs, although not as much as Ketaconazole, but further studies are needed to reveal the results more clearly.

Taking long-term threats on food supply and safety, effects of Covid-19 pandemic on nutritional habits of consumers were investigated in this study. Consumers living in Yeşilyurt district of Tokat province in 2021 constituted the primary material of the present study. Simple random sampling method was used in selection of the sample size and 162 people participated into face-to-face interviews. Changes in food consumption habits of consumers before and after the pandemic were investigated. Present findings revealed an increase in monthly food expenditures of consumers during the pandemic period. About 45% of the participating consumers stated that their nutrition levels were affected during the pandemic period. The variables that had the highest positive correlation with the nutritional effects after Covid-19 pandemic were identified as consumption of dietary supplements (vitamins, etc.) and medicinal-aromatic plants after the pandemic. Path analysis was applied to survey findings and the variables with the greatest direct effects on nutritional level of the consumers after Covid-19 pandemic were identified as change in winter preparations (88.88%), monthly fruit consumption (84.59%) and monthly meat consumption (83.44%).

The aim of this study was to assess the nutrient composition and sensory properties of breakfast cereal made from yellow maize and enriched with soybean and groundnut flours. Yellow maize was replaced with groundnut (GF) (15–35%) and soybean flour (SBF) (10–15%) to produce a more nutritionally balanced breakfast cereal. Proximate, mineral, vitamin, and sensory analysis were carried out on the formulated breakfast cereals. The results showed that groundnut and soybean flour supplementation significantly increased the protein content (20.90–23.01%) as compared to the control along with an increase in fat (10.52-11.28%), crude fibre (2.98–3.90%), and ash (1.99–2.60%), while carbohydrate (57.09–52.66%) and energy (406.64–403.79 Kcal) decreased with the incremental addition of SBF and GF. Similarly, calcium (36.16-37.98 mg/100g), magnesium (32.16-37.98 mg/100g), potassium (10.62-12.16 mg/100g), iron (42.21-48.65 mg/100g) and vitamin A (70.07-74.01) g/dl) content of the breakfast cereals also increased significantly with increasing SBF and GF substitution, while a decrease was observed for phosphorus. The highest total score of sensory evaluation was for the control sample (golden morn), which was followed closely by the sample containing 20% GF and 15% SBF. Higher levels of SBF and GF can improve the nutritional value of breakfast cereals.

The research was conducted in the years of 2020-2021 during the growing seasons such as 2021A started from September 2020 till the end of January 2021 and 2021 B started from February till end of June 2021, in Busogo sector, Musanze District, Northern Province. The purpose of this project was to assess the impact of fertilization and drying methods such as sun drying, dry shelter and kitchen drying on aflatoxin contamination in maize before and after harvesting. The area from which this project was conducted was chosen due to the availability of a lot of number of maize growers who cultivate them not only for consumption but also for trade purpose either processed or non-processed. During this study, a total of twenty-four samples were collected, examined and evaluated for aflatoxin levels in both seasons. In the season 2021A and 2021B sample collection equivalent to twelve in each season was done then dried them within 30 days by using different drying methods such as dry shelter, kitchen drying, sun drying. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatment of fertilizer combination in four replications was used in this study and all experimental plots were planted with one maize variety (H628) purchased from Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board. Except samples from maize cultivated without fertilizer, level of aflatoxin infection was found to be higher 10 Parts per billion. The East African countries community standard limit of 10 parts per billion which indicate a health risk to the consumer, when comparing the three drying methods employed in this study, the kitchen drying method produced lower levels of aflatoxin (1.6 parts per billion) than the dry shelter (3.2 parts per billion) and sun drying methods (2.9 parts per billion), samples taken from the control plot (T4) stands for no fertilizer application resulted greater levels of aflatoxin with an average of 25.75 prts per billion compared to other treatments which yielded aflatoxin levels of at lower than 10 parts per billion. The use of kitchen drying can be recommended as well as mixture of both organic and inorganic fertilizers when growing maize in order to reduce the level of aflatoxin.

Sorghum is one of the major staple crops grown in the poorest and most food-insecure regions of Ethiopia. Sorghum production is predominantly based on local seeds with limited use of commercial fertilizer or other chemicals. This study is therefore aimed to demonstrate the improved sorghum variety with its improved management practices and to assess farmers’ and extension workers’ reactions. The newly released variety of Beletew was evaluated with the variety of Melkam. The experiments were implemented using a simple plot design with farmers’ fields as a replicate. The result revealed that in both locations, the studied varieties showed nonsignificant variation in grain yield. Besides, all the participant farmers were agreed that the variety Beletew had compacted panicle, a larger number of spikes per panicle, stayed green character and yellow seed color. Similarly, about 78.3% and 65.6% of the participant farmers from Efratana gidim and Ensaro Districts respectively agreed that the variety Beletew had a larger panicle size than the variety Melkam and expected higher grain yields from it. Therefore based on the grain yield performance of the result of farmers’ evaluation, the new variety of Beletew was recommended to be pre-scale on a wider scale to sorghum-growing lowland areas as an alternative shortmatured varieties.

The Euphrates-Tigris Basin is the most important water source in the Middle East. The present study examined the relationship between the precipitation and temperature characteristics of the basin using remote teleconnection patterns on a monthly time scale. The effects of the North Atlantic, Arctic Oscillations, North Sea Caspian Pattern, and Western Mediterranean indices were examined. The relationship between teleconnection patterns and precipitation/temperature was investigated by adopting Spearman’s Correlation test. All of the remote teleconnection patterns had significant effects on the temperature and precipitation characteristics of the basin. However, the North Sea Caspian Pattern significantly affected the temperatures of the entire basin. Similarly, the Western Mediterranean index had a significant effect on the average temperatures for four months (February, April, November, and December) in almost the entire basin. Also, the Western Mediterranean Index corralates positively with the precipitation of the basin in January, while the correlation is negative in October, and November. Especially, the Western Mediterranean Index and the North Sea Caspian Pattern showed one-month and two-month delayed relationships in monthly total precipitation in some months. At the extremes of the index values, relationships often became strong and distinct. The study results may be useful for seasonal temperature and precipitation forecasts of the Euphrates-Tigris basin.

Environmental awareness is increasing around the world, however, the production of eco-friendly food products has started to gain importance in order to protect nature and reduce dependence on it. In addition, due to the awareness of people, it increases the demand for healthy foods. As a result, organic farming is developing and the number of organic product farms is increasing. Organic aquaculture products have also started to take their place in this big market. Although many of the rules and standards applied in organic agriculture are similar, the rules of organic aquaculture products contain differences on the basis of species. Significant progress has been made with the organic aquaculture production standards determined by international organizations and each country. Organic aquaculture defines organic aquatic organisms that are fed with organic feeds approved by authorized organizations and grown in accordance with all organic farming standards. The main principles of organic culture; health, ecology, fairness and care. Therefore, these basic principles are adhered to when determining organic aquaculture standards. In this review, general and current information were given about the organic aquaculture and organic feeds.

Geleneksel atıştırmalıklarımızdan biri olan leblebi yüksek besleyicilik özellikleri ile ön plana çıkmaktadır. Leblebi üretiminde yan ürün olarak kırık leblebi ve leblebi tozu açığa çıkmaktadır. Ticari değeri düşük olan bu yan ürünlerin alternatif gıdalarda kullanılması katma değerini yükseltecektir. Bu çalışmada, leblebi tozu/unu beş farklı oranda (%0, 10, 20, 30 ve 50) glütensiz un ile ikame edilmiş ve elde edilen karışımlardan glütensiz bisküvi üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üretilen bisküvilerin fiziksel (çap, yükseklik, yayılma oranı, renk vb), kimyasal (protein, yağ, kül vb), fonksiyonel (toplam fenolik madde, toplam antioksidan kapasite), tekstürel ve duyusal özellikleri tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca örneklerin duyusal analiz sonuçları çoklu karar verme yöntemi (TOPSIS) ile de değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda glütensiz una leblebi tozu/unu ilave edilmesi örneklerin protein, kül, toplam fenolik madde ve antioksidan kapasite değerlerini yükseltmiştir. Bisküvi örneklerinin kabarma dereceleri düşmüş, yayılma dereceleri ise artış göstermiştir. Ayrıca leblebi tozu/unu ilavesi örnekleri daha sert bir yapıya dönüştürmüş, %30 ve üzerinde leblebi tozu/unu ilave edilen örneklerin fiziksel özelliklerinin olumsuz etkilendiği belirlenmiştir. Yapılan duyusal değerlendirme de %20 leblebi tozu/unu ilaveli örneklerin kontrol örneğine en yakın genel beğeni puanı aldığı, çoklu karar verme yöntemi (TOPSIS) ile değerlendirilen duyusal analiz verilerinin de benzer sonuçlar verdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma protein ve fonksiyonel bileşenlerce zengin glütensiz bisküvi üretiminde leblebi tozu/ununun alternatif ürün olarak kullanılabileceği göstermektedir.

The use of modern breeding methods along with appropriate cultivation techniques facilitates the acquisition and multiplication of varieties that possess the desired characteristics. Therefore, efforts towards the in vitro propagation of woody plants are increasing day by day. Today, plants such as Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Ribes, Rubus, etc., can be successfully propagated in vitro. Apricot stands out as a stubborn species among Prunus types for shoot regeneration and genetic transformation. In this context, this study aims to determine how different plant growth regulators affect shoot regeneration of some native apricot varieties, which hold significant importance in apricot cultivation in our country. In the conducted study, mature cotyledons of Kabaaşı, Hacıhaliloğlu, and Hasanbey apricot varieties were used along with the culture medium consisting of MS. Different doses and ratios of plant growth regulators, including BAP and TDZ, in combination with NAA and GA3, were added to the culture media. At the end of the in vitro study, the callus and primordium formation rate (%), bud and shoot formation rate (%) and number of shoots per explant were recorded. According to the results, the variety with the highest callus formation was Kabaaşı, followed by Hasanbey and Hacıhaliloğlu. In all three varieties, the rate of callus formation decreased in media containing GA3. Regarding the stage of shoot regeneration from callus, the highest shoot formation with an average of 4 shoots per explant was observed in the Kabaaşı variety in the TDZ (1.0 mgL-1) + NAA (0.25 mgL-1) and TDZ (1.0 mgL-1) + NAA (0.50 mgL-1) media. Looking at the other varieties, the highest number of shoots, 1.6 shoots per explant, was obtained from the TDZ (2.0 mgL-1) + NAA (0.25 mgL-1) medium in Hasanbey and Hacıhaliloğlu varieties. As a result of the findings, the Kabaaşı variety showed the best result in terms of the regeneration capacity of apricot varieties. In contrast the best regeneration medium was obtained from the combinations of TDZ and NAA.