Meat and Milk Institution is implementing red meat sales through grocery chains in order to ensure stability in red meat prices in Turkey. In this study in order to evaluate the effectiveness of this policy from the perspective of consumers, data set obtained from 388 households in Gaziantep city center was used. According to the findings, it has been determined that 53.6% of consumers prefer contracted markets due to the suitability of red meat prices. Initially, all consumers bought red meat from contracted markets, but it was found that 62.11% of them gave up buying red meat from these markets. This situation was found to be quite remarkable and logit model was used to determine the factors affecting the continuity of red meat purchase of households from contracted markets. According to the Logit model results, it was observed that households buying red meat from the contracted markets were affected by the variables that they are care about the price of red meat, income and frequency of shopping at these markets. As a result, it can be stated that this policy implemented by the ESK is aimed at selling red meat to low-income consumers rather than providing price stability and does not have a demand increasing effect.

La agricultura ha progresado ininterrumpidamente, pasando de la utilización de recursos naturales gratuitos al uso creciente de recursos fósiles como fuentes energéticas. Si bien la agricultura depende fundamentalmente de los recursos y servicios del ecosistema, su desarrollo se ha centrado sólo en la producción, sin tomar en cuenta el valor ecológico de las externalidades negativas ni la descapitalización de los recursos que inciden en la sustentabilidad, por lo que la información sobre la evaluación de la sustentabilidad de los diferentes estilos de agricultura es poca o casi nula. En la presente investigación se evaluó la sustentabilidad de los estilos de agricultura (horticultor intensivo, tradicional campesino y horticultor auto sostenible) establecidos en la comuna de Hualqui (Región del Biobío, Chile), mediante los flujos de energía presentes en cada estilo, para medir el impacto que generan sobre el paisaje. Los resultados muestran que el estilo de agricultura horticultor auto sostenible presenta una mayor sustentabilidad en comparación con los estilos tradicional campesino y horticultor intensivo y pueden contribuir a nivel de políticas públicas para reorientar la estrategia de acción y fomentar la sustentabilidad en los distintos estilos de agricultura. ¬¬¬¬ Agriculture has been progressing continuously, from the use of free natural resources to the fossil fuels as energy sources. Even though agriculture depends mainly on ecosystem resources and services, its development has been apparently centered only on yield, not considering neither the ecological value of the negative externalities nor the decapitalization of the resources that influence sustainability. Thus, the information on the evaluation of the sustainability on different agriculture styles is scarce or almost null. This investigation evaluates the sustainability in different agriculture styles (intensive horticulture, traditional farm and self-sustaining horticulture) established in Hualqui (Region of Biobío, Chile), through the energy flows present on each style to measure the impact generated on the land. The results revealed that the self-sustaining horticulture style showed a higher sustainability compared to the traditional farm and intensive horticulture style. These results can contribute to the public, policies to reorient the action strategy to encourage the sustainability in the different agriculture styles.

The dynamic change occurred in the soil due to different uses can be can be estimated by monitoring sensible variables. There is no agreement about the most appropriate phosphorus (P) parameter for this purpose. The aim of this work was to evaluate the usefulness of soil tests for P availability, risk of P loss and P retention capacities (P-Bray1, P-CaCl2, P75, PSI and DPS in order to differentiate changes in soil P content related to soil uses, and to establish the relationship between these techniques. Two soil depths in two sites at the southeast of Buenos Aires province were analyzed. Different soil uses were considered: natural grasslands (PN), forest systems (FO), secondary grassland (PS) and different agricultural sequences (A). All techniques significantly differentiated between management systems; however, these differences were affected by soil depth. There were close correlations between the techniques, but there were dependent of soil use, P-Bray1 to P-CaCl2 (R2 = 0.89), P75 to PSI (R2 = 0.79) and DPSP75 or DPSPSI to P-CaCl2 (R2 = 0.82 and 0.83 respectively). The A systems increased P availability (P-Bray1), decreased P retention capacities (P75 and PSI) and generated an increased risk of P losses (P-CaCl2). The FO and the PS had better P availability with respect to the PN, more P retention capacity and lower risks of P losses by runoff. Based on these results, a given P form could be estimated based on the analytical determination of another P form, but differentially by soil use. | El cambio dinámico en el suelo debido a diferentes usos puede monitorearse mediante el seguimiento de variables sensibles. Para el contenido de fósforo (P), no existe un consenso acerca de la variable de medición más adecuada. En este trabajo se evaluó la utilidad de técnicas que miden disponibilidad, pérdida y capacidad de retención de P (P-Bray1, P-CaCl2, P75, ISP y GSP) para diferenciar cambios en el contenido de P del suelo, relacionados al uso de la tierra, así como la relación entre dichas técnicas. Se analizaron dos profundidades de suelo en dos sitios del sudeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires con diferentes secuencias: agrícolas (A), pastizales nativos (PN), sistemas forestales (FO) y pastizales secundarios (PS). Todas las técnicas pudieron diferenciar entre sistemas de manejo; con diferencias variables según la profundidad del suelo. Se detectaron correlaciones estrechas entre las técnicas, resultando dependientes del uso del suelo, P-Bray1 y P-CaCl2 (R2 = 0.89), P75 e ISP (R2 = 0,79) y GSPP75 o GSPISP con P-CaCl2 (R2 = 0.82 y 0.83 respectivamente). Los sistemas A incrementaron la disponibilidad de P (P-Bray1), disminuyeron la capacidad de retención (P75 e ISP) y generaron mayor riesgo de pérdidas de P (P-CaCl2). El FO y la PS presentaron mejor disponibilidad de P respecto de PN, con mayor capacidad de retención y con menores riesgos de pérdidas por escurrimiento. En base a los resultados, podría estimarse una forma de P en función de la determinación analítica de otra, pero de forma diferencial según el uso del suelo.

Abstract Agriculture has been progressing continuously, from the use of free natural resources to the fossil fuels as energy sources. Even though agriculture depends mainly on ecosystem resources and services, its development has been apparently centered only on yield, not considering neither the ecological value of the negative externalities nor the decapitalization of the resources that influence sustainability. Thus, the information on the evaluation of the sustainability on different agriculture styles is scarce or almost null. This investigation evaluates the sustainability in different agriculture styles (intensive horticulture, traditional farm and self-sustaining horticulture) established in Hualqui (Region of Biobío, Chile), through the energy flows present on each style to measure the impact generated on the land. The results revealed that the self-sustaining horticulture style showed a higher sustainability compared to the traditional farm and intensive horticulture style. These results can contribute to the public, policies to reorient the action strategy to encourage the sustainability in the different agriculture styles. | Resumen La agricultura ha progresado ininterrumpidamente, pasando de la utilización de recursos naturales gratuitos al uso creciente de recursos fósiles como fuentes energéticas. Si bien la agricultura depende fundamentalmente de los recursos y servicios del ecosistema, su desarrollo se ha centrado sólo en la producción, sin tomar en cuenta el valor ecológico de las externalidades negativas ni la descapitalización de los recursos que inciden en la sustentabilidad, por lo que la información sobre la evaluación de la sustentabilidad de los diferentes estilos de agricultura es poca o casi nula. En la presente investigación se evaluó la sustentabilidad de los estilos de agricultura (horticultor intensivo, tradicional campesino y horticultor auto sostenible) establecidos en la comuna de Hualqui (Región del Biobío, Chile), mediante los flujos de energía presentes en cada estilo, para medir el impacto que generan sobre el paisaje. Los resultados muestran que el estilo de agricultura horticultor auto sostenible presenta una mayor sustentabilidad en comparación con los estilos tradicional campesino y horticultor intensivo y pueden contribuir a nivel de políticas públicas para reorientar la estrategia de acción y fomentar la sustentabilidad en los distintos estilos de agricultura.

The main purpose of this paper is to review on the effect of irrigation water quality and deficit irrigation on crop yield and water use efficiency. Low quality water for irrigation can impose a major environmental constraint to crop productivity. If salts become excessive, losses in yield will result. To prevent yield loss, salts in the soil must be controlled at a concentration below that which might affect yield. Irrigation application below the full evapotranspiration requirement is termed as deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation consists of deliberately applying irrigation water in amounts below the plant’s water requirements. Deficit irrigation can be applied at certain periods during the crop’s growing season or throughout its growing season. Yield reductions also occur in a number of crops when subjected to water stress. Yield reductions depend on the crop’s sensitivity to water stress at its various growth stages. In order for deficit irrigation to be an economically viable practice, the revenue lost due to yield reduction should be lower than savings in total cost of production. The goal of deficit irrigation is to increase crop water use efficiency by reducing the amount of water that is applied or by reducing the number of irrigation events. The interaction effects of water quality and DI illustrated that when the two types of stresses; saline and DI were coupled together, a serious reduction occurred on total dry biomass and total yield. The interaction effects of water quality and deficit irrigation illustrated that when the two types of stresses; saline and deficit irrigation were coupled together, a serious reduction occurred on total dry biomass and total yields.

On 23th June, 2016, British voters decided in a referendum to cut long-term relationship with the European Union. The aim of a paper is to present the impact of UK’s Brexit vote on the British economy. The paper depicts review of international scientific literature and economic press concerning the vast range of issues affected by Brexit. It has been shown that the British referendum outcome caused the growth of uncertainty about economy of the United Kingdom. Economic Policy Uncertainty Index reached British record-high levels in post-referendum period. Growing economic and financial uncertainty had negative effects on British economic activity. The paper presents the impact of the referendum on British currency, fundamental macroeconomic indicators, economic activity in manufacturing, and public finance. It has been shown that, in post-referendum period, the pound sterling plunged the depths it had reached after the speculative attack on pound sterling led by George Soros in 1992, after invasion of Iraq in 2003 and during financial crisis in 2008-2009. British referendum outcome contributed also to inflation rate increase and GDP growth rate decrease. Thus, the United Kingdom decided to implement more expansionary monetary policy by cutting interest rates and increasing quantitative easing. As a result of the referendum, the level of economic activity in the manufacturing sector went shortly down. Britain’s vote to leave the EU had also a negative impact on British public finances. The forecasted general government deficit in 2017 increased by more than 30 percent. Chancellor of the Exchequer was forced to abandon the ambitious goal of eliminating the negative balance by fiscal year 2019–2020. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wpływu wyniku referendum z 23 czerwca 2016 r. dotyczącego wyjścia Wielkiej Brytanii z Unii Europejskiej na stan gospodarki i finansów tego kraju. Publikacja zawiera przegląd światowej literatury i prasy ekonomicznej odnoszących się do kwestii następstw decyzji Brytyjczyków o opuszczeniu struktur unijnych. W artykule przedstawiono, że wynik referendum przyczynił się do wystąpienia rekordowych poziomów indeksu niepewności polityki gospodarczej (EPU) w Wielkiej Brytanii. Wysoki poziom niepewności ekonomicznej i finansowej wywarł w konsekwencji negatywny wpływ na kondycję brytyjskiej gospodarki. W artykule pokazano wpływ wyniku referendum na wartość brytyjskiej waluty, poziom podstawowych wskaźników makroekonomicznych, poziom aktywności gospodarczej w sektorze wytwórczym oraz sferę finansów publicznych. Kurs funta szterlinga w odniesieniu do dolara amerykańskiego i euro uległ silnej deprecjacji i spadł poniżej poziomów osiąganych w trakcie ataku spekulacyjnego przeprowadzonego przez George’a Sorosa w 1992 r., inwazji na Irak w 2003 r., czy kryzysu finansowego w latach 2008–2009. Wynik referendum można łączyć ze wzrostem inflacji oraz spadkiem tempa wzrostu PKB. Wielka Brytania zdecydowała się na wprowadzenie bardziej ekspansywnej polityki monetarnej poprzez obniżenie poziomu bazowej stopy oraz rozszerzenie programu luzowania ilościowego. Poziom aktywności gospodarczej w sektorze wytwórczym uległ krótkookresowemu obniżeniu w konsekwencji wyniku referendum. Perspektywa Brexitu miała również negatywny wpływ na stan brytyjskich finansów publicznych. Wysokość prognozowanego ujemnego salda finansów publicznych w 2017 r. wzrosła o ponad 30 proc., a minister finansów zmuszony był odstąpić od realizacji ambitnego celu eliminacji deficytu budżetowego do roku fiskalnego 2019–2020.