Keten bitkisi ülkemizin hemen hemen her bölgesinde yetişebilmesi, kullanım alanlarının çeşitliliği, hem lifinden, hem de yağından faydalanılması gibi özellikleri ile ön plana çıkan önemli bir endüstri bitkisidir. Çalışmada farklı azot dozlarının keten bitkisinin verim ve verim özelliklerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma Tokat-Kazova şartlarında 2020 ve 2021 yılı vejetasyon döneminde kuru şartlarda yürütülmüştür. Çalışma Tesadüf Blokları Deneme Desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada yağlık Atalanta çeşidi ve 750 tohum/m2 bitki sıklığı kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada 5 farklı azot (N) dozu (kontrol (0), 7, 10, 13, 16 kg/da) yer almıştır. Çalışmada; bitki boyu, bitki başına dal sayısı, bitkideki kapsül sayısı, kapsüldeki tohum sayısı, bin tohum ağırlığı, tohum verimi, yağ oranı ve yağ verimi parametreleri incelenmiştir. Yıllar ortalamasına göre bitki boyu 49,88-52,11 cm, dal sayısı 2,6-3,2 adet/bitki, bitkideki kapsül sayısı 23,55-34,00 adet/bitki, kapsülde tohum sayısı 5,25-5,66 adet/kapsül, bin tohum ağırlığı 5,17-5,29 g, tohum verimi 54,68-90,30 kg/da, yağ oranı %33,01-35,55 ve yağ verimi 17,98-31,84 kg/da arasında değişmiştir. Tokat-Kazova’da kuru şartlarda ketende azot dozlarının etkisinin araştırıldığı çalışma sonucunda; dekara tohum ve yağ verimi bakımından 10-13 kg/da azot dozları ön plana çıkmıştır. Gübre tasarrufunu düşünerek 10 kg/da azot dozunun kullanılmasının daha uygun olacağı düşünülmektedir.

La población S1 de la variedad tailandesa de yuca MTAi8 (AM320), la cual presenta patrones de segregación definidos para el contenido de carotenos totales (Beta-caroteno), se sometió a un análisis de agrupamiento segregante (BSA = Bulk Segregant Analysis) empleando 700 marcadores moleculares tipo microsatélites o SSR. Se generaron 25 grupos de ligamiento identificando 3 QTL mayores asociados con una región del genoma de yuca con el contenido de carotenos totales. Tres marcadores SSR explicaron el 37.2% (NS109), 32% (rSSRY251) y 27.7% (rSSRY313) de la varianza fenotipica total, situados en el grupo de ligamiento D fuertemente asociados con el contenido de carotenos totales en la familia AM320 S1, se estableció una fuerte correlación positiva entre color de pulpa de raíz y contenido de carotenos totales (r=0.81), y negativa entre carotenos totales y materia seca (r= -0.31). Los tres posibles QTL presentaron efecto positivo y de carácter aditivo para el contenido de carotenos totales, pueden ser la oportunidad para implementar selección asistida por marcadores para carotenos totales en yuca. | The S1 population of the Thai variety MTAi8 (AM320), which shows patterns of segregation defined by the content of total carotenes (beta-carotene), underwent an analysis of segregating bulk (BSA = Bulk segregating Analysis) using 700 molecular markers type microsatellites or SSR. There were generated 25 tying groups and identifying 3 major QTLs associated with a region of the genome of cassava with the content of total carotenes. Three markers SSR; explained the 37.2% (NS109), 32% (rSSRY251) and 27.7% (rSSRY313) of the total phenotypic variance, placed in the Group D strongly tying, associated with the content of total carotenes in the family AM320 S1, which established a strong positive correlation between color and content root pulp carotenes total (r = 0.81), and between negative and carotenes total dry matter (r = -0.31). The three possible QTLs showed positive and additive effect for the content of totals carotenes and could be an opportunity to implement assisted selection markers for total carotenes in cassava.

Bu çalışmada öncelikle endüstriyel boyutta bir damıtma sistemine mikrodalga desteğinin nasıl sağlanacağı noktasında benzetim çalışmaları yapılmış ve endüstriyel boyutta bir MDD sistemi tasarlanmıştır. Damıtma kazanına 4´3 adet magnetron yerleştirilerek mikrodalga desteği sağlanmıştır. Adaçayı bitkisinin testleri hem geleneksel hem de bu MDD sistemi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, adaçayının sap ve yapraklarıyla birlikte damıtılması veya sadece yapraklarının damıtılarak elde edilen uçucu yağ sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Damıtma sonucu elde edilen uçucu yağların kimyasal analizleri GC-MS cihazı ile yapılmış ve önerilen sistemin damıtma süreçlerine etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, herba kullanılan iki farklı durum için MDD sistemiyle elde edilen yağ verimi geleneksel sisteme göre %10 artmıştır. Herba ve yaprak ayrı ayrı MDD sistemi kullanılarak destile edilmiştir ve sadece yaprakların damıtılması durumunda verim artışı %100 den fazla olmaktadır. Kimyasal bileşenlerdeki değişimler detaylı olarak incelenmiştir.

Usando la técnica de marcadores moleculares, tipo microsatélites, se evaluó la variabilidad genética de 717 genotipos de yuca Manihot esculenta Crantz colectados en fincas de pequeños agricultores de la región Caribe de Colombia, en los departamentos de Atlántico, Magdalena, Córdoba y Sucre. Mediante el Análisis de Correspondencia Múltiple (ACM) se establecieron seis grupos genéticamente diferentes, con un Gst bajo (0.18), lo cual indica que la variabilidad no se debe a diferencias entre los grupos sino a diferencias dentro de cada grupo. La diversidad genética encontrada fue alta (H T: 0.61692). | Using molecular microsatellites analysis, the genetic diversity of 717 cassava genotypes from small formers in the Caribbean region of Colombia was assessed. Six genetically distinct groups was established, with a low Gst (0.18), indicating that the variability was not due to differences between groups but within each group. The genetic diversity was high (Ht: 0.61692).

Mulching, a widely employed agricultural practice, has been recognized for its influence on soil moisture retention, temperature regulation, and weed suppression, thereby improving growth and yield of crops. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of mulching materials on growth and yield attributes of summer squash under water constraint condition during March to May 2023 in Chitwan, Nepal. The experiment was laid in single factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four different mulches (rice straw, wheat straw, rice husk and silver on black plastic mulch 30 microns) and control replicated 4 times. All the Plant growth parameters, including plant height, number of leaves per plant and plant spread, were highest in silver plastic mulch and the poorest in the un-mulched plots. Mulching also significantly influenced floral characters, with plastic mulch demonstrating superiority in traits such as days to flowering, number of flowers per plant, and sex ratio compared to organic mulches and the control. Fruit length, diameter, and weight exhibited the highest values under plastic mulch and the lowest values under the control, while all organic mulches showed similar results. The highest yield of 41.44 Mt ha-1 was achieved with silver plastic mulch, highlighting its effectiveness in enhancing crop productivity, while the lowest yield of 11.77 Mt ha-1 was recorded in the control plots. Despite its higher cost, silver pastic mulch exhibited highest net return and benefit-cost ratio. Rice husk mulch, with the second highest benefit-cost ratio and relatively low cost of production, emerged as promising alternative. Although mulching did not notably affect the soil pH, the varying soil organic matter percentages were observed, with the highest on rice straw mulch and the lowest on silver plastic mulch. The study suggests that while plastic mulch can significantly boost productivity during water scarcity, rice husk mulch offers a cost-effective alternative with substantial economic benefit.

Se evaluó la resistencia a Prodiplosis longifila Gagné en tres accesiones silvestres de Solanum habrochaites var. glabratum (PI-134417, PI-134418 y PI-126449) y los materiales avanzados en mejoramiento genético para resistencia al pasador del fruto Neoleucinodes elegantalis: tres genotipos de retrocruzamiento 3: RC3(3143P4, 3247P4, 36110P3) y un genotipo de retrocruzamiento 4: RC4(4212P4), como testigo susceptible se incluyó la variedad Solanum lycopersicum cv. Unapal-Maravilla. Las evaluaciones se realizaron en condiciones de campo y de casa de malla, utilizando un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluó el número de brotes sanos/planta, número de brotes con daño por P. longifila, número de brotes con presencia de larvas vivas y muertas del insecto, y número de larvas vivas o muertas por brote. Durante el experimento en campo las poblaciones de P. longifila fueron 0.2 larvas vivas/brote y 4.17% de daño, lo cual no permitió el establecimiento de diferencias entre los genotipos estudiados. En casa de malla, las poblaciones del insecto fueron elevadas, sin embargo las accesiones silvestres no mostraron daño ni fueron preferidas para la oviposición, presentando algún grado de resistencia. Unapal-Maravilla y los genotipos correspondientes a la RC3, fueron susceptibles al insecto. El genotipo 4212P4 mostró el menor daño de las poblaciones segregantes con solo 5.36% de brotes dañados, siendo considerado como de menor preferencia por el insecto plaga. Los genotipos provenientes de retrocruzamientos evaluados en estos ensayos fueron previamente seleccionados por resistencia a N. elegantalis, y en este procedimiento es posible que hayan podido descartarse genotipos con resistencia a P. longifila. | Resistance was evaluated Prodiplosis longifila Gagné in three wild accessions Solanum habrochaites var. glabratum (PI134417, PI134418 and PI 126449) and advanced materials in breeding for resistance to fruit borer Neoleucinodes elegantalis: three genotypes of three backcross RC3 (3143P4, 3247P4, 36110P3) and four backcross genotype RC4 (4212P4) as susceptible check variety S. lycopersicum cv. Unapal-Maravilla. Evaluations were performed under field conditions and screen house, using a completely randomized design with four replications. Number of healthy/plant, number of shoots sprout damage was assessed with P. longifila, number of shoots with the presence of live and dead and number of living and dead larvae larvae per shoot. During the experiment field populations of P. longifila were 0.2 live larvae/shoot and 4.17 % damage, which prevented the establishment of differences between the genotypes studied. In screen house, insect populations were high, however wild accessions showed no damage, nor were preferred for oviposition, showing some degree of resistance. Unapal-Maravilla and genotypes corresponding to the RC³, were susceptible to insect. 4212P4 genotype showed the least damage of segregating populations with only 5.36% of shoots damaged, regarded as less preferred by the insect pest. Genotypes from backcrosses evaluated in these trials had previous selection toward resistance N. elegantalis, and in this process they may have been discarded genotypes with resistance to P. longifila.

Resistance was evaluated Prodiplosis longifila Gagné in three wild accessions Solanum habrochaites var. glabratum ( PI134417 , PI134418 and PI 126449 ) and advanced materials in breeding for resistance to fruit borer Neoleucinodes elegantalis : three genotypes of three backcross RC3 ( 3143P4 , 3247P4 , 36110P3 ) and four backcross genotype RC4 (4212P4 ) as susceptible check variety S. lycopersicum cv. Unapal - Maravilla.  Evaluations were performed under field conditions and screen house, using a completely randomized design with four replications. Number of healthy / plant, number of shoots sprout damage was assessed with P. longifila , number of shoots with the presence of live and dead and number of living and dead larvae larvae per shoot . During the experiment field populations of P. longifila were 0.2 live larvae / shoot and 4.17 % damage, which prevented the establishment of differences between the genotypes studied. In screen house, insect populations were high, however wild accessions showed no damage, nor were preferred for oviposition , showing some degree of resistance . Unapal - Maravilla and genotypes corresponding to the RC3, were susceptible to insect. 4212P4 genotype showed the least damage of segregating populations with only 5.36% of shoots damaged, regarded as less preferred by the insect pest. Genotypes from backcrosses evaluated in these trials had previous selection toward resistance N. elegantalis, and in this process they may have been discarded genotypes with resistance to P. longifila . | Se evaluó la resistencia a Prodiplosis longifila Gagné en tres accesiones silvestres de Solanum habrochai-tes var. glabratum (PI-134417, PI-134418 y PI-126449) y los materiales avanzados en mejoramiento genéti-co para resistencia al pasador del fruto Neoleucinodes elegantalis: tres genotipos de retrocruzamiento 3: RC3(3143P4, 3247P4, 36110P3) y un genotipo de retrocruzamiento 4: RC4(4212P4), como testigo susceptible se incluyó la variedad Solanum lycopersicum cv. Unapal-Maravilla. Las evaluaciones se realizaron en condiciones de campo y de casa de malla, utilizando un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluó el número de brotes sanos/planta, número de brotes con daño por P. longifila, número de brotes con presencia de larvas vivas y muertas del insecto, y número de larvas vivas o muertas por brote. Durante el experimento en campo las poblaciones de P. longifila fueron 0.2 larvas vivas/brote y 4.17% de daño, lo cual no permitió el establecimiento de diferencias entre los genotipos estudiados. En casa de malla, las poblaciones del insecto fueron elevadas,sin embargo las accesiones silvestres no mostraron daño ni fueron preferidas para la oviposición, presentando algún grado de resistencia. Unapal-Maravilla y los genotipos correspondientes a la RC3, fueron susceptibles al insecto. El genotipo 4212P4 mostró el menor daño de las poblaciones segregantes con solo 5.36% de brotes dañados, siendo considerado como de menor preferencia por el insecto plaga. Los genotipos provenientes de retrocruzamientos evaluados en estos ensayos fueron previamente seleccionad por resistencia a N. elegantalis, y en este procedimiento es posible que hayan podido descartarse genotipos con resistencia a P. longifila.

Günümüzde şehirleşmenin artması ve şehir merkezlerinin genişlemesi, birçok kent merkezinde sanayi alanları, yerleşim alanları ve tarım alanlarının iç içe geçmesine sebep olmuştur. Bu durum tarım topraklarının antropojenik kirlilik kaynaklarından önemli ölçüde etkilenmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bu toprakların kirlenmesi, gıda olarak tüketilen ürünler yetiştirildiğinde insan sağlığı açısından risk oluşturmaktadır. Bundan dolayı bu topraklar kirlilik yönünden kontrol edilmelidir. Bu çalışmada da Ankara İli Yenimahalle İlçesi sınırları içerisinde yer alan tarım topraklarında 20 farklı örnekleme istasyonundan, üç farklı toprak derinliğinden alınan topraklar numunelerinde, insan ve çevre sağlığı açısından en tehlikeli ve zararlı ağır metallerden olan kobalt (Co) konsantrasyonunun değişimi değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda ortalama Co konsantrasyonunun 0-15 cm derinlikteki topraklarda 14556,8 ppb, 15-30 cm derinliklerdeki topraklarda 15273,4 ppb ve 30-45 cm derinlikteki topraklarda 14761,1 ppb düzeyinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Lokasyon bazında en düşük değer 7348,3 ppb ile L1 lokasyonunda (yerleşim alanında açık alanda) belirlenirken en yüksek değer 23609,1 ppb ile L8 lokasyonunda (yerleşim alanında, sanayi bölgesine yakın açık alanda) elde edilmiştir.

Abstract: Bioaccumulation of heavy metals such as cadmium has been a major concern in scientific communities and international food organizations, given the great toxicological risk to the consumer, and in many places there is no detailed record of its actual content. In this way, the need arises to carry out a study and registration of the concentration of this metal in products such as table chocolate, of great consumption at regional and national level. Likewise, we seek to have effective quantification tools and a reliable and affordable method to achieve the aim of this research. In this research, Cadmium content in powdered and granulated table chocolate was determined, elaborated and commercialized in the municipality of Chiquinquira, Boyacá-Colombia, using the differential pulse voltammetric method of anodic redisolution (DPVMAR). Previously, the parameters of this method were evaluated, selecting selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy with satisfactory results as follows: selective at a potential range of 0.54 to 0.64 V, sensitivity in ppb, R2> 0.95, % CV <10% % R> 80%). Analysis of variance showed no significant statistical differences (P <0.05) between the results. Cadmium quantification in samples of granulated and powder chocolate showed values of concentration between 214 and 260 ppb, with the highest concentrations of powder chocolate. Cadmium level did not exceed the tolerable weekly intake limit for this type of food. | Resumen: La bioacumulación de metales pesados como el Cadmio ha sido una de las principales preocupaciones en comunidades científicas y organizaciones alimentarias a nivel internacional, dado el gran riesgo toxicológico que supone para el consumidor, y que en muchos lugares no se cuenta con un registro detallado de su contenido real. Es de esta manera que surge la necesidad de realizar un estudio y registro de la concentración de este metal en productos como el chocolate de mesa, de gran consumo a nivel regional y nacional. De igual manera, se busca contar con herramientas de cuantificación eficaces y con un método confiable y asequible que permita lograr este objetivo. En este trabajo se determinó el contenido de Cadmio en chocolate de mesa en polvo y granulado, elaborado y comercializado en el municipio de Chiquinquirá, Boyacá-Colombia, empleando el método de voltamperometría diferencial de pulso de redisolución anódica (PDASV). Previamente, se validaron los parámetros de este método, evaluando selectividad, linealidad, sensibilidad, precisión y exactitud con resultados satisfactorios: selectivo a un rango de potencial de 0.54 a 0.64 V, sensibilidad en ppb, R2 > 0.95, %C.V < 10%, %R > 80%). El análisis de varianza mostró que no existen diferencias estadísticas significativas (P<0.05) entre los resultados. La cuantificación de Cadmio en muestras de chocolate granulado y en polvo mostró valores de concentración entre 214 y 260 ppb, registrando las concentraciones más altas el chocolate en polvo. El nivel de cadmio no superó el límite de ingesta semanal tolerable para este tipo de alimentos.

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals such as cadmium has been a major concern in scientific communities and international food organizations, given the great toxicological risk to the consumer, and in many places there is no detailed record of its actual content. In this way, the need arises to carry out a study and registration of the concentration of this metal in products such as table chocolate, of great consumption at regional and national level. Likewise, we seek to have effective quantification tools and a reliable and affordable method to achieve the aim of this research. In this research, Cadmium content in powdered and granulated table chocolate was determined, elaborated and commercialized in the municipality of Chiquinquira, Boyacá-Colombia, using the differential pulse voltammetric method of anodic redisolution (DPVMAR). Previously, the parameters of this method were evaluated, selecting selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy with satisfactory results as follows: selective at a potential range of 0.54 to 0.64 V, sensitivity in ppb, R2&gt; 0.95, % CV &lt;10% % R&gt; 80%). Analysis of variance showed no significant statistical differences (P &lt;0.05) between the results. Cadmium quantification in samples of granulated and powder chocolate showed values of concentration between 214 and 260 ppb, with the highest concentrations of powder chocolate. Cadmium level did not exceed the tolerable weekly intake limit for this type of food. | Bioaccumulation of heavy metals such as cadmium has been a major concern in scientific communities and international food organizations, given the great toxicological risk to the consumer, and in many places there is no detailed record of its actual content. In this way, the need arises to carry out a study and registration of the concentration of this metal in products such as table chocolate, of great consumption at regional and national level. Likewise, we seek to have effective quantification tools and a reliable and affordable method to achieve the aim of this research. In this research, Cadmium content in powdered and granulated table chocolate was determined, elaborated and commercialized in the municipality of Chiquinquira, Boyacá-Colombia, using the differential pulse voltammetric method of anodic redisolution (DPVMAR). Previously, the parameters of this method were evaluated, selecting selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy with satisfactory results as follows: selective at a potential range of 0.54 to 0.64 V, sensitivity in ppb, R2&gt; 0.95, % CV &lt;10% % R&gt; 80%). Analysis of variance showed no significant statistical differences (P &lt;0.05) between the results. Cadmium quantification in samples of granulated and powder chocolate showed values of concentration between 214 and 260 ppb, with the highest concentrations of powder chocolate. Cadmium level did not exceed the tolerable weekly intake limit for this type of food.