Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) technology is gaining popularity worldwide for its potential of extending shelf life of fresh produce with better fruit quality. Effect of MAP (using Xtend® bags), was investigated on postharvest storage life and quality of mango cvs Sindhri and Sufaid Chaunsa stored at 11°C with 80-85% RH for 4 and 5 weeks respectively, in comparison with un-bagged (control) fruit. Uniform physiological mature fruit of Sindhri and Sufaid Chaunsa were harvested from a commercial mango orchard along with 4-5 cm long pedicel and were de-sapped in 0.5% lime solution (to avoid sap burn injury). Later on fruit were given cold water fungicidal dip (Sportak @ 0.5ml/L, Active Ingredient: Prochloraz) followed by hot water treatment (52°C; 5 min). After shade drying and pre-cooling (11°C; 10-12 hours), fruit were packed according to the treatment combination and stored at 11°C. Fruit of both varieties were removed after 2, 3 and 4 weeks of storage followed by ripening at 24±2°C with an additional removal after 5 weeks for Sufaid Chaunsa only. Fruit quality was evaluated for various bio-chemical, organoleptic and physical parameters at two stages of ripening (at removal day and at final ripening day). Fruit of both varieties stored in MAP exhibited better firmness and retained green colour as compared to un-bagged fruit. Quality of fruit subjected to postharvest fungicidal application and hot water treatments and stored under MAP at 11°C showed better peel colour development and less disease development. Moreover, storage durations and post storage ripening stages significantly affected fruit peel colour, textural softness and disease development. Further, cv. Sindhri showed better storage potential with lower disease incidence as compared to cv. Sufaid Chaunsa which warrants further studies on disease control aspects.

To evaluate the effect of early weaning on clinical parameters, development and occurrence of lesions in organs of systemic importance, and weight gain in pigs evaluations were carried out. The experiment was conducted in the San Pablo Production Research Center of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Medellín). We used 16 weaned pigs at 21 days of age. The animals were fed for 10 days with a basal diet (milk). Four pigs were slaughtered on days 1, 5, 7 and 10 post-weaning and samples of intestine, stomach, liver, pancreas, heart, lungs, kidneys and spleen were extracted. Congestion, edema, and hemorrhage were the lesions determined; a value according to the degree of presentation was assigned: absent (0), mild (1), mild-moderate (2), moderate-severe (3), severe (4). The animals were weighed on weaning day, and the day of slaughter. Statistical difference (P < 0.01) was found in macroscopic appearance of lesions, organ weight, rectal temperature, and weight gain. On the first day of post-weaning the highest values were observed. On the other hand, the lowest values were observed in the day fifth. However by day 10 after weaning an increase of the injuries was observed. The variable occurrence of diarrhea showed an opposite performance (P < 0.01). Weaning is associated with multiple factors leading to the early inflammatory response and the high incidence of diarrhea during post-weaning period. | El destete de cerdos está asociado con múltiples factores que generan respuestas inflamatorias tempranas en órganos internos y alta incidencia de diarreas. En el Centro de Investigación San Pablo de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, se evaluaron los parámetros clínicos y las lesiones en órganos internos en dieciséis cerdos destetados a veintiún días de edad, que fueron alimentados durante diez días con una dieta a base de leche. Cada uno, cinco, siete y diez días posdestete, se sacrificaron cuatro cerdos y se tomaron para estudio muestras de intestino delgado, estómago, hígado, páncreas, corazón, pulmones, riñones y bazo. Las lesiones determinadas fueron congestión, edema, y hemorragia; se asignó un valor según el grado de presentación: ausente (0), leve (1), leve-moderada (2), moderada-severa (3), severa (4). Los animales fueron pesados al destete y en el momento de sacrificio. Se encontraron diferencias (P < 0.01) en la aparición macroscópica de lesiones, peso de órganos, temperatura rectal y ganancia de peso. Los mayores valores se encontraron en el día uno posdestete y los menores en el día cinco; no obstante, para el día diez posdestete se observó una recuperación de las lesiones. La variable ocurrencia de diarreas presentó un comportamiento posdestete diferente y tendió a disminuir (P < 0.01).

El destete de cerdos estã asociado con multiples factores que generan respuestas infiamatorias tem- pranas en órganos internos y alta incidencia de diarreas. En el Centro de Investigación San Pablo de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, se evaluaron los parámetros clínicos y las lesiones en órganos internos en dieciséis cerdos destetados a veintiún días de edad, que fueron alimentados durante diez días con una dieta a base de leche. Cada uno, cinco, siete y diez días posdestete, se sa- crificaron cuatro cerdos y se tomaron para estudio muestras de intestino delgado, est%mago, hIgado, páncreas, corazón, pulmones, riñones y bazo. Las lesiones determinadas fueron congestión, edema, y hemorragia; se asignó un valor según el grado de presentación: ausente (0), leve (1), leve-moderada (2), moderada+severa 53&lt;, severa 5=&lt;. &gt;os animales fueron pesados al destete y en el momento de sacrificio. Se encontraron diferencias (P &lt; 0.01) en la aparición macroscópica de lesiones, peso de órganos, tem- peratura rectal y ganancia de peso. Los mayores valores se encontraron en el día uno posdestete y los menores en el día cinco; no obstante, para el día diez posdestete se observó una recuperación de las lesiones. La variable ocurrencia de diarreas presentó un comportamiento posdestete diferente y tendió a disminuir (P &lt; 0.01).

One of the significant crops in Mediterrenean countries is olive (Olea europaea) and an important amount of this fruit are manufactured for direct human consumption. In this study, table olives were produced from Gemlik type of green and black cultivars that grown in Osmaniye, Turkey by using different salt concentrations (8-14%). By the increase of salt concentrations in brines, moisture contents of olives also increased and moisture values of green and black types ranged between 45.24-54.90% and 46.04-56.53% respectively. Salt contents of olives were in the interval of 1.21-5.22% for green olives and 2.32-5.58% for black olives. It was also established that the diffusivity coefficients (Deff) increased due to increasing salt concentrations and found between 4.38 × 10-8- 6.59 × 10-7 (m2s-1) for green olives and black olives as 3.79 × 10-8 - 3.56 × 10-7 (m2s-1). The lactic acid concentration of green olives was higher than black ones and calculated as between 0.439-0.452% and 0.412-0.441%. On the other hand, it was determined that lactic acid production was higher for Gemlik olives that fermented in 10% and 12% brine solutions in comparison with others. Reducing sugar contents of green olives were lower than black ones and recorded in the gap of 4.76-1.88% and 4.89-2.01% during fermentation process.

The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the technocratic legitimacy (so called input legitimacy) in the case of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Compared to other regulatory agencies this institution enjoys high credibility and is considered as a model example of an advisory body to the European Commission providing high-quality scientific opinions. However the question, whether such technocratic validation of EFSA’s activities is sufficient, remains open. It has indeed no regulatory or decision-making powers, but through the legislative activity of the European Commission, which often fully reflects the EFSA’s position, the agency itself participates in the shaping of the European food law. Synopsis. Celem artykułu jest wykazanie uwarunkowań legitymizacji technokratycznej (wynikowej) w przypadku Europejskiego Urzędu ds. Bezpieczeństwa Żywności. Na tle innych agencji regulacyjnych instytucja ta cieszy się dużym zaufaniem i uważana jest za modelowy przykład doradczego gremium Komisji Europejskiej, dostarczającego wysokiej jakości opinii naukowych. Otwartym pozostaje jednak pytanie, czy takie technokratyczne uprawomocnienie działań urzędu jest wystarczające. Nie ma on wprawdzie ani uprawnień regulacyjnych, ani decyzyjnych, ale za pośrednictwem projektów legislacyjnych Komisji Europejskiej, które niejednokrotnie w pełni odzwierciedlają stanowisko urzędu, uczestniczy w kształtowaniu europejskiego prawa żywnościowego.

In Ethiopia, the national agricultural research system has been generating and disseminating different agricultural technologies since its establishment in 1966. Although these technologies are meant to increase agricultural productivity, they have to be evaluated for their impact on production and for the benefit that the farmers get out of them. Hence, the main objectives of this study were to examine the impact of technological innovations on wheat production and to decompose the total change in wheat output resulting from the introduction of new technologies into its constituent parts. Cobb-Douglas production function was employed to estimate the regression coefficients under old variety growers, new variety growers, and pooled data cases. Output decomposition model was applied to decompose the total change in output into its constituent parts. The econometric results of this study indicated that, out of 55% of the observed productivity difference between old and new variety grown plots, technological change and change in associated input levels contributed about 24% and 31%, respectively. Of the 31% increment attributed to input use levels, an increased use of herbicides and fertilizers caused the biggest jump in the productivity of improved wheat varieties (15.5% and 11% respectively). The major implications included the need to exploit the full potential of new varieties using recommended input levels, strengthening the research system, fostering coordinated efforts among various actors in agricultural development, and strengthening the technology instrument in rural development and poverty reduction strategies of the country.

En condiciones de campo en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Palmira (950 m.s.n.m., 24°C y 75% de humedad relativa) se evaluó la respuesta fotosintética de cuatro clones de Eucalyptus grandis (28-3, 18-3, 24A-5, 19-1) al estrés hídrico: capacidad de campo (1 cc), 0.5 cc, 0.25 cc y a la saturación de agua e intensidades lumínicas variables de 1500, 1000, 500, 250, y 0 µmol/m²/s en el primer ensayo y de 1500, 1000, 435, 87, 70, 52, 35, 26, y 0 µmol/m²/s en el segundo. En ambos estudios, se utilizó un diseño experimental de parcelas divididas con cuatro repeticiones, donde la parcela principal correspondió al nivel de humedad en el suelo y la subparcela a los clones. El análisis estadístico mostró que E. grandis reduce la tasa de fotosíntesis de manera significativa cuando se presenta estrés hídrico en el suelo y que el grado de la respuesta depende del clon, lo que sugiere la presencia de mecanismos fisiológicos dependientes del genotipo para responder al estrés hídrico. Se presentaron curvas de luz típicas con puntos de compensación bajos (0.9 - 7.0 µmol/m²/s), tasas de fotosíntesis altas (68 - 39 µmol CO2 /m²/s) y alta eficiencia fotosintética (0.0003 - 0.0086 mol CO2 /mol luz) | At the Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira (950 m, 24 °C and 75% RH) two experiments were established to assess the photosynthetic response of four clones of Eucalyptus grandis to water stress and its response to light intensity. In both cases the experimental design was a split plot with 16 treatments (4 levels of water and 4 clons) and four replications. The main plot corresponded to the water level and the clones were located in the sub - plots. Statistical analysis of the data indicates that the E. grandis reduces its photosynthesis rate in response to soil water stress, which depends also on the clone. This suggests the presence of physiological mechanisms depending on each genotype. Typical light curves with low compensation points were presented (0.9 - 7.0 µmol/m²/s), high photosynthetic rates (68 - 39 µmol CO2 /m²/s) and high photosynthetic efficiency (0.0003 to 0.0086 mol CO2 / mol of light)

The adsorption of lead ions (Pb2+) on lignin was investigated. Lignin of black liquor generated in the pa-per production process from banana stem recovered, obtaining an efficiency of 82% regarding to recovery process. Lignin was characterized by infrared spectroscopy to identify suitable active sites for the adsorp-tion of heavy metals. Surface characteristics were determined by adsorption–desorption isotherms of ni-trogen (N2). Recovered lignin showed a surface area of 840 m2/g and a total pore volume of 0.30cm3/g. After that, solutions of Pb2+ at 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mM were prepared to evaluate the adsorption capacity of lignin with respect to initial concentration of the ions. The final concentration of Pb2+ was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AA) achieving removal efficiencies of 55%. | Se evaluó la adsorción de iones plomo (Pb2+) sobre lignina recuperada del licor residual generado en el proceso de producción de papel a partir de seudotallos (vástago) de plátano. La eficiencia de recuperación encontrada fue de aproximadamente 82%. La lignina fue caracterizada mediante espectroscopia de infrarrojo con el objeto de identificar sitios activos adecuados para el proceso de adsorción de metales pesados. Sus características de superficie se determinaron mediante isotermas de adsorción - desorción de nitró-geno (N2). La lignina recuperada después de su uso en adsorción mostró un área superficial de 840 m2/g y un volumen total de poros de 0.30 cm3/g. Para evaluar la capacidad de adsorción de la lignina respecto de la concentración inicial de los iones, se prepararon soluciones de Pb2+ 0.6, 0.8 y 1.0 mM. Finalmente, se determinó la concentración final de Pb2+ por medio de espectroscopia de absorción atómica, encontrando remociones de 55%.

In the present study, it was aimed to determinate the effects of different substrates on mycelial growth, fructification, yield, sizes and colours of fruit bodies of Hericium isolates (HE-Ankara, HE-Denizli, HE, HE-Trabzon, HE-İzmit, HC, HE-Amerika). Experiments were conducted with 7 different substrates prepared with oak sawdust (MT), wheat bran (BK), cotton seed hulls (PK) and olive press cake (ZP) (80MT:20BK, 90MT:10PK, 80MT:20PK, 70MT:30PK, 90MT:10ZP, 80MT:20ZP, 70MT:30ZP). 1 kg (wet weight) of substrates were packed in polypropylene autoclaveable bags of 25x45 cm and sterilized in autoclave at 121oC during 90 minutes. Sterilized substrate was inoculated and then carried to growing room at 25±2ºC. After full colonization, the bags were exposed to 400 lux for a 12 hours photoperiod at 20±2ºC with a humidity of 80-90% in a cropping room. The best yield and BE were detected from oak sawdust medium supplemented with 20 and 30% cotton seed hulls on HE-Ankara, HE-Denizli, HE, HE-İzmit, HC, HE-Amerika isolates while the best yield and BE were detected from 70MT:30ZP on Trabzon isolate. Significant differences were found among substrates regarding yield, BE, average mushroom weigh, fruit body size and colour of Hericium isolates.

In response to demographic pressures and environmental imperatives, this study focuses on the valorization of Chamaerops humilis L. fruit in the Beni Mellal Khenifra region. The native palm, known as "Doum," holds nutritional and medicinal significance, prompting a detailed exploration. Extracts from its leaves and fruits have been historically used in traditional medicine, showcasing anti-oxidant properties and therapeutic effects on various ailments. This study seeks to optimize Chamaerops humilis L. fruit pulp powder production using the design of experiments (DOE) and physicochemical characterization. A full factorial design approach is applied to systematically optimize the process, focusing on key variables like Temperature and Time. Physicochemical analysis reveals essential details concerning pH (4.205), titratable acidity (1.47), moisture content (10.85%), and ash content (2.9325%). The study identifies optimal conditions, such as temperature = 65&deg;C and time = 6 hours, for maximum yield and desirable properties. Additionally, water absorption (WAI) and solubility indices (WSI) are investigated, revealing the influence of drying and different agitation temperatures. The Pareto diagram underscores the significant impact of these factors, contributing to our understanding of the quality parameters of Chamaerops humilis L. powder. The results offer valuable insights for sustainable practices in utilizing this botanical resource.

Se evaluó la presencia del virus de la leucosis bovina (VLB) en 360 muestras de ADN de ocho razas bovinas criollas: Blanco Orejinegro (BON), Casanareño (CAS), Costeño con Cuernos (CCC), Chino Santandereano (ChS), Caqueteño (CQT), Hartón del Valle (HV), Romosinuano (RS) y San Martinero (SM), dos Razas Sintéticas Colombianas: Lucerna (LUC) y Velásquez (VEL) y dos razas foráneas: Brahmán (B) y Holstein (H). Para la detección del pro-virus se amplificó una región del gen env viral, mediante PCR anidada. La presencia del VLB fue mayor en la raza HV seguido por ChS (83.3% y 60% respectivamente), VEL y LUC tuvieron el mismo porcentaje (50%), en CAS, CCC y CQT la presencia del virus fue de 26.7%, 23.3% y 16.7% respectivamente; no se encontró el virus en BON, SM y RS. En las razas foráneas la presencia fue de 83.3% para H y 6.7% para B. Se encontró dependencia altamente significativa entre la presencia del VLB y la raza, el sexo y región de origen de la muestra. El promedio de presencia en las razas criollas fue menor que en las foráneas, menor en los machos que en las hembras y en la región norte que en el suroccidente y el centro del país. | Using 360 DNA samples from eight Creole bovine breeds Blanco Orejinegro (BON), Casanareño (CAS), Costeño con Cuernos (CCC), Chino Santandereano (ChS), Caqueteño (CQT), Hartón del Valle (HV), Romosinuano (RS) and San Martinero (SM), two synthetic Colombian breeds: Lucerna (LUC) and Velásquez (VEL) and two introduced breeds Brahmán (B) and Holstein (H); the presence of Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) was evaluated through the amplification of a viral gene region env (provirus detection - nested-PCR). The percentage of presence and independence test were calculated (X²). Presence of BLV was higher in HV breed, followed by ChS (83.3% and 60% respectively); VEL and LUC breeds showed the same percentage (50%). In CAS, CCC and CQT the presence of virus was 26.7%, 23.3% y 16.7% respectively. On the other hand, no virus presence was found in BON, SM and RS. For the introduced breeds the presence of virus was 83.3% for H and 6.7% for B. The average of presence for Creole bovine breeds was lower than introduced breeds. A high and significant dependence was found between the presence of BLV with breed, sex and sampling places. The presence was lower in males than in females and in the northern part than the southwestern and central areas of the country.