Phloxine is used as a food dye. In this study, genotoxicity of phloxine at the root tip of Allium cepa L. was investigated. A. cepa L. meristematic root tip cells were treated with ten different doses of phloxine. In this way, the EC50 value was determined. Then, phloxine was applied to root tips at EC50/2, EC50 and EC50×2 doses. Treatment time was determined as 24, 48 and 72 hours. As a result, it was revealed that phloxine caused chromosomal aberrations in cells in mitotic cycle at the root tip of A. cepa. There are equatorial plate shifting in metaphase, laggard chromosome, disturbed spindle, chromosome stickiness, C-mitosis, polar shifting among the observed chromosomal aberrations. It was stated that the % chromosomal aberration index (CAI) increased depending on concentration increase. It has been demonstrated that the highest % chromosomal aberration index occurred at the EC50×2 dose for 72 hours. According to the research, it was revealed that phloxine has a genotoxic effect on the root cells of A. cepa. For this reason, it can be emphasized that care should be taken in its use in foods.

This study was performed to determine the effect of hatching system (house and hatcher) and egg weight (heavy and light) on pip-hatch time, hatchability and some gosling quality traits. A total of 389 eggs (fertile of candling) from 2-year-old Turkish Native Goose were used in the study. Before the incubation process, all eggs were individually numbered and weighed. Eggs were divided into heavy (≥160 g) and light (

demand for its essential oil continues to grow on a global scale. The fact remains that harvesting at the right time of growth is critical to maximizing the rate of active ingredients found in the plant. Thus, in the current study, L. angustifolia plants were collected at various growth stages (pre-flowering, mid-flowering, and post-flowering) from Adana, Turkey in order to determine the most suitable harvest time for the highest amount of essential oils and its important compounds. The highest flower essential oil content (7.50 mL 100 g-1) was obtained at mid-flowering of the third year of plantation. The major compounds for L. angustifolia were linalyl acetate (25.63-31.63%), linalool (16.33-24.79%), nerol (8.83-13.43%), beta-farnesene (3.67-5.70%), β-cis-ocimene (1.76-8.14%), respectively. The obtained data have been inquired by principal components analysis (PCA), allowing differentiation of plantation ages and growth stages. Compared to the plantation ages, essential oil content and linalool content increased significantly in the third year of cultivation. As a result, the most suitable harvest time may be considered as mid-flowering in terms of essential oil content and in terms of high linalyl acetate and linalool content.

As a part of prospecting bioactive molecules from natural resources, the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of extracts of leaves and berries oilcake of Pistacia lentiscus L., collected from two sites (Mechat and Bordj-Ali) in the northeast region of Algeria, were investigated. Dried leaves and berries oilcake obtained after removing the oily part by mean of Soxhlet apparatus were macerated in methanol in order to recover their respective active extracts. The phytochemical content analysis showed that lentisk leaves of both sites were relatively rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, flavonols and proanthocyanidins. The phytochemical content of berries oilcake extract was lower than that of leaves, yet, samples of Bordj-Ali displayed higher values for all assayed phytochemicals compared to those of Mechat. The P. lentiscus leaves extract exhibited a strong radical-scavenging activity (IC50 = 10.46 µg/mL) against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and a substantial inhibitory activity against H2O2 free radicals (20.23 - 25.92%). Furthermore, these extracts displayed a very strong reducing power (EC50 = 28.08 µg/mL) and total antioxidant capacity (104.07 - 159.39 mg EAA/g DW). The observed results correlated positively with total phytochemical content strongly plead in favor of valorization of this wild plant as a potential natural source of active biomolecules for food, cosmetics, and medicinal industry sectors.

Colostrum quality produced by dairy cows varies considerably. The amount of immune protein content in colostrum has also high specific gravity. In this study, the specific gravity of colostrum (SGC) produced by 32 Holstein-Friesian cows with different parities in the first five milking after calving, and additionally, the fat content (FC), non-fat dry matter content (NFDMC) and somatic cell count (SCC) in the milk samples taken in the first five milking and on the fifth and 10th day milking of lactation were determined. The effects of parity and milking order on SGC, FC, NFDMC and Log10SCC were detected to be statistically significant. Parity x milking order interaction effect was found to be significant for SGC, FC and NFDMC, but its effect on Log10SCC was insignificant. Cows with three and upper parities had higher SGC, FC, NFDMC, and Log10SCC than cows in the first and second parities. While SGC (1055.09±1.20 mg/mL), FC (6.36±0.12%) and NFDMC (18.17±0.37%) obtained at the first milking decreased gradually in advancing milking, Log10SCC (5.90±0.028) level increased. The correlation coefficients of SGC with FC, NFDMC, and Log10SCC were low-medium, the coefficients between FC and NFDMC were moderately too high in the first three milking, and decreased and approached zero in advancing milking. It was observed that SGC remained high even in the fourth milking in some cows, especially in the third and higher parities. In conclusion, it has been revealed that not only colostrum obtained from the first milking, but also quality colostrum produced in subsequent milking can be used in calf feeding in dairy cattle farms. However, all this depends on the adoption of the strategy of determining the quality of colostrum with the help of a colostrometer in dairy cattle farms.

The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical content, in vitro gas and methane production, relative feed value (RFV), relative feed quality (RFQ), in vitro digestibility parameters, and microbial protein production of the Italian ryegrass plants harvested in different periods of the 2020 production season in Erzincan. In this study an ANKOM Daisy Incubator was used to determine the in vitro digestibility parameters. In vitro gas production technique was used todetermine gas production and predicted parameters. It was found that there were significant differences between the Italian ryegrass plants harvested in different periods in terms of composition, RFV, RFQ, and in vitro digestibility and fermentation parameters. The RFV, metabolizable energy (ME), net energy (NE), true NDF digestibility (TNDFD), organic matter digestibility degree (OMDD), total digestible nutrient (TDN), dry matter intake (DMI), and RFQ values of the Italian ryegrass plants were found to be 247.32, 9.13, 5.68, 62.26%, 54.15%, 55.35%, 4.82%, and 215.81, respectively. On the other hand, after 24 hours of incubation it’s in vitro gas (GP), and methane production (ml and %), true dry matter digestibility (TDMD) values, partitioning factor (PF), microbial protein (MP), microbial protein synthesis efficiency (MPSE), and true digestibility (TD) were found to be 105.41, 17.35, 16.42, 281.72, 2.68, 57.68, 20.32, and 59.82, respectively. In conclusion, determining the digestibility of plants via the measurement of RFV, RFQ, digestion parameters, and gas production in different harvest periods provided insights into the potential of Italian ryegrass as a feed material.

Promoting the agricultural sector with up-to-date technologies and inputs is convenient to enhance productivity. Production intervention is needed by introducing and adopting proper agronomic practices. Improved agricultural technologies increase production, quality, sustain food security, economic development and natural resource conservation. Koka, Meki and Ziway are known for their vegetable production as well as intensive agrochemicals consumption. Agrochemicals are applied on farm to enhance soil fertility, reduce pathogens, and induce plant growth. Tomato is one of the main commercial cash crops in these areas. Most commercially productive tomato varieties are highly sensitive to disease, vulnerable to nutrient deficiency, and other abiotic stress that requires rigorous agrochemical inputs. Ethiopian tomato production is very low due to various contributing factors including lack of improved varieties, diseases, pests, poor farming system, soil fertility maintenance as well as poor irrigation system. Farmers in the study areas applied inaccurate agrochemicals dose, rate, and application schedule that foster repeated spray. Intense agrochemical application leads to adverse environmental and health impacts due to deposit of toxic chemicals, residue leakage to water bodies and air pollution. It is important to practice proper agricultural inputs, reduce hazardous chemical residues, protect humans, other beneficial organisms and the environment. Moreover, developing IPM technology is recommended for better healthy agricultural production and sustainability.

In this study, genetic relationship of ISSR markers of seven endemic Inula species distributed in Turkey was carried out. Plant samples were collected from different regions of Turkey in 2013 and gDNA was obtained by DNA isolation from green leaves. Genetic relationship between species was determined using 12 ISSR primers. PCR products were run on agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized under UV light. All gel images were examined and the presence and absence of polymorphic bands were scored as 0 and 1. A total of 85 bands were obtained from the primers. Of these, 74 polymorphic and 11 monomorphic bands were obtained. The total polymorphism rate was found to be approximately 87.05%. The phylogenetic tree and genetic distances between species were calculated using the PAUP 0 4.0b10 analysis program. According to the distance matrix, the genetic distance was found between the closest Inula helenium subsp. orgyalis and Inula helenium subsp. vanensis (0.29851), while the farthest between Inula sarana and Inula macrocephala (0.56000) species. The phylogenetic tree was obtained using the UPGMA algorithm, and the tree consisted of two groups. The results were compared with the morphological, palynological nrDNA and cpDNA results of the past. Our findings supported previous studies.

This study analysed the economics of plantain production in Northeast Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to; describe plantain farmers’ socio-economic characteristics in Northeast Nigeria; identify factors affecting plantain production in the study area, and also ascertain farmers’ resource use efficiency in plantain production. The study adopted a multi-stage sampling technique to collect primary data from 250 plantain farmers selected from 13 communities. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics and a stochastic frontier model were used. The finding of the study indicated that most (86.8%) of the respondents were male, having an average age of the respondents was 39.15 years, who are mostly educated (92.8%) and cultivate an average of 2.39 ha of land. The stochastic frontier production function maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters indicated that the production of plantain is determined by farm size, the number of suckers planted, the amount of hired labour used, and family labour. Similarly, the plantain production cost is being influenced by the cost of plantain suckers, labour, and the depreciated cost of land. Furthermore, the study revealed that the farmers were technically and allocatively efficient, although, the maximum technical efficiency was not achieved by farmers. Therefore, it was recommended that agricultural extension agents should be encouraged to reach plantain farmers with the required production technologies to promote production efficiency.

The experiment was conducted under in-vivo condition in a betelvine baroj at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. Nineteen isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii collected from different regions of Bangladesh designated as isolate-1 to isolate-19. Soil inoculated with S. rolfsii exhibited mycelial growth on the soil surface and around the base of the betelvine plant within 2-4 days after inoculation. Only 2 days after inoculation were required to manifest cottony colony on soil surface near root zone of inoculated betelvine plants by the isolate-3, 5, 7, 9 and 12. The first disease symptoms were observed within 6 to 16 days after inoculation where minimum days were required by the isolate-9 and maximum by the isolate-2 and 14. The highest lesion length (6.50 cm) was produced by the isolate-9 and isolate-13. All the isolates were found to be pathogenic in some cases, disease delayed due to their degree of pathogenicity. The isolate-9 showed highest disease incidence of 100% which was superior as compared to all other isolates at 15 days after inoculation. The isolate-19 showed least disease incidence of 66.66% even at 30 days after inoculation. Among the isolates, the most pathogenic one was isolate-9 collected from Kaligonj upazilla of Jhenaidah.