Soil pH, governed by the relative concentrations of hydrogen () and hydroxyl () ions, is a key factor affecting the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soils. Most soils in Türkiye are alkaline due to calcareous parent material and climatic influences, which restricts the availability of essential nutrients to plants. Sulphur applications are widely employed to reduce soil pH and increase nutrient bioavailability. The use of Sulphur for the amelioration of alkaline soils will continue to be a crucial strategy for enhancing agricultural sustainability in the future. This study investigates the effects of different Sulphur sources on the pH of sandy and clay-loam texture soils. This study investigates the effects of different Sulphur sources on the pH of sandy and clay loam textured soils. The soil samples used in the research were taken from Pınarbaşı and Melikgazi districts of Kayseri province, and soil samples were taken from both regions from a depth of 30 cm and from 20 randomly determined different points. Sulphur applications were applied at rates of (0, 0.02, 0.04 g 100 g-1) (X: powdered Sulphur ) and (0, 0.044, 0.088 g 100 g-1) (Y: granular Sulphur ) based on weight for clay-loam and sandy textured soils, respectively. Samples taken on days 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 180, and 360 post-applications showed that the impact of Sulphur applications on soil pH change was significant across all treatments (p<0.01). The lowest pH measurement, 6.92, was observed in sandy textured soils with an application from granular Sulphur at 0.088 g 100 g-1. The pH change in clay-loam textured soils was found to range from 8.13 to 7.79, and in sandy textured soils from 7.69 to 6.92. These changes suggest that the acidifying effect of Sulphur oxidation on soil pH varies depending on the soil’s buffering capacity, particle size ratio, application rate, and incubation day. Consequently, the granular Sulphur was found to be more effective compared to the control and powdered Sulphur , and an application rate of 0.088 g 100 g-1 might be effective for both clay-loam and sandy soils. However, due to its lack of economic feasibility, 0.044 g dose or the doses from powdered Sulphur might be more appropriate.

The most important factor in both plant development and productivity, which mostly depends on nutrient availability in the soil and environment, is the constituents of soil nutrients. Soil is always losing its nutrients by leaching, surface runoff as well as through harvesting and cultural operations like: pruning. For maintaining the balance of agricultural ecosystem fertilizer application is necessary to improve soil condition and gain better yield. In case of tea industry for maintaining better and uniform production applying fertilizer is a widespread management technique in worldwide. Tea requires a lot of macro and micronutrients for growth because it cannot be grown without the usage of fertilizer and other nutrient supplies. The purpose of this field survey was to ascertain the nutritional condition of tea leaves as well as the signs of nutrient deficiencies in tea plants. In this study, deficiency symptoms of the essential nutrients were found out at different tea estates of Moulvibazar and Sylhet districts as well as photographs were taken. Photographs of the nutrient deficient tea plants were correlated with the established symptoms. The range of total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc content in the collected tea leaf samples were 2.95- 5.18%, 0.28- 0.49%, 0.56-1.88%, 0.12-0.49%, 0.07-0.08% and 0.002- 0.004%, respectively.

This study comprehensively examines the applicability of the 5S methodology as a tool for enhancing efficiency, occupational safety, and sustainability in the agricultural sector. The 5S methodology, predicated on the principles of sorting, organising, cleaning, standardising, and sustaining, aims to create safer and more productive workplaces. The research investigates its effects on both indoor agricultural machinery manufacturing processes and outdoor crop production practices. The analysis reveals notable advantages in manufacturing processes, including reduced waste, enhanced occupational safety, and improved product quality, particularly in production, assembly, and quality control processes. However, the methodology faces limitations in outdoor agricultural practices due to seasonal variations and open-field conditions, which challenge the cleaning, sorting, and organising stages. However, its application in maintenance, repair, and equipment storage processes has been shown to prolong the lifespan of machinery and ensure safer working conditions. The 5S methodology aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, serving as a practical approach to enhancing efficiency, workplace safety, and resource management in the agricultural sector. This study underscores the 5S methodology's promise as a sustainable solution for enhancing productivity and safety in agriculture.

Urban and peri-urban agriculture is vital for enhancing food security in rapidly growing cities by bridging the food production gap between urban and rural areas. This study employed a snowball sampling technique to gather data from urban farmers in Mogadishu to assess the constraints and opportunities for growing horticultural crops in the city. Utilizing this sampling method, the research identifies key challenges and motivating factors for urban horticulture. Findings indicate that temperature, wind, pest and disease outbreaks, and limited irrigation water significantly restrict production. Farmers using greenhouses experience fewer obstacles due to enhanced protection from environmental factors, improving crop quality. In contrast, those farming in open fields struggle with high irrigation demands, pest infestations, and low-quality yields unattractive to buyers. Leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) and whiteflies are the most prevalent insect populations, sometimes requiring the removal of infested plants to control their spread. The study also observed that urban farmers use two conventional protected farming types, plastic greenhouses and net houses with steel frames, in which plastic greenhouses face issues such as inadequate gutter height and poor ventilation. To combat extreme temperatures, farmers employ primitive methods such as fogging, applying lime solutions, and adjusting greenhouse openings. Additionally, factors like increased market availability, the rise of supermarkets and hotels, rural displacement, diaspora return, and drought-induced vegetable scarcity in rural areas have motivated urban residents in Mogadishu to pursue farming within and around the city.

Türkiye has 27% of the World’s Papaver species in its flora, and 15 of them are endemic. Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is the most cultivated and economically significant species of the Papaver genus. There is a need to study and exploit other Papaver species as well. Poppy is an important strategic plant with a history dating back to 5000 BCE and records of its being valued in the lives of different civilizations, art archives, food (seed), and medicine (opium gum). Although opium gum and seed have been produced for centuries in today’s Türkiye, its cultivation was banned between 1971-74. Years of opium gum experience were destroyed, and after 1974, alkaloid production began to be obtained by processing the dry capsule (unscratched). Today, it is counted as one of the two traditional legal poppy-producing countries in the world. It has the largest legal poppy cultivation area, capsule processing, and alkaloid production factory in the world. The seeds and alkaloids are obtained from the same plant. Türkiye has one of the largest morphine stocks in the world and is capable of meeting 25% of global morphine demand. However, it is insufficient in the production of different alkaloids (noscapine, thebaine, codeine). Seed production is, on average, 20,000 tons, and the capacity has the potential to increase to 40,000 tons with appropriate agricultural techniques.

Şekerpare, Türkiye ve Orta Doğu mutfağının önemli tatlılarından biri olup, genellikle irmik kullanılarak hazırlanmaktadır. Ancak irmiğin gluten içermesi, çölyak hastalarının bu tatlıyı tüketmesini engellemektedir. Bu çalışmada, gluten içermeyen mısır unu, pirinç unu, patates unu, mısır nişastası ve tapyoka nişastası kombinasyonları kullanılarak glutensiz şekerpare formülasyonları geliştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, bu formülasyonlara eklenen soya proteini, bezelye proteini ve transglutaminaz (TG) enziminin şekerpare hamuru ve son ürün özellikleri üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, hamurların pH, sertlik, yapışkanlık, adhezyon işi ve hamur kuvveti gibi özellikleri değerlendirilirken son ürünlerde ise renk, sertlik, kırılganlık ve duyusal analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, kullanılan protein ve TG enziminin hamur özellikleri üzerindeki etkisinin kullanılan un kombinasyonuna bağlı olarak değiştiğini göstermiştir. Mısır ve patates unu ile hazırlanan hamurlar en yüksek sertlik değerine sahipken, tüm örneklerde kontrol grubu hamurları en düşük sertlikte olmuştur. Soya ve bezelye proteini, hamurun yapışkanlığını azaltırken, TG enziminin bezelye proteiniyle birlikte kullanımı yapışkanlık düzeyini önemli ölçüde artırmıştır. Duyusal analizde panelistler, %62,5 mısır unu ve %37,5 pirinç unundan oluşan MuPr reçetesiyle hazırlanan şekerpare örneklerini, hem yapı hem de lezzet açısından en beğenilen ürün olarak değerlendirmiştir. Bununla birlikte, kullanılan protein türü ve TG enzimi duyusal özellikler üzerinde genel anlamda önemli bir fark yaratmamıştır.

Arıcılık kendine has özellikleri ile kırsal nüfus için iyi bir alternatif iş ve gelir kaynağıdır. Türkiye ekolojik olarak arıcılığa çok uygun bir doğaya sahip olmasına rağmen maalesef potansiyelinin çok azını kullanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, ekolojik yapısı bakımından arı yetiştiriciliğine uygun alanların fazlalığı, zengin bitki çeşitliğine sahip olması nedeni ile önemli bir konuma sahip olan Erzincan İli Kemaliye ilçesindeki arıcılık faaliyetlerinin mevcut durumunu değerlendirmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bu kapsamda 2023 yılında Erzincan ili Kemaliye ilçesinde faaliyet gösteren 87 arı yetiştiricisi ile tam sayım yapılarak çalışmanın birincil verileri toplanmıştır. Anket çalışmasında 26 soru ile arıcıların demografik özelliklerinin yanı sıra, arıcılığın ekonomik analizi, arıcılık dışı faaliyetleri, üretilen arı ürünleri, bal verimleri, koloni sayıları, ana arı değişimi ile üretimi, hastalık ile zararlılarla mücadeleleri, gezginci arıcılık durumları, besleme şekil ile zamanları, koloni kayıpları, arıcılıkta karşılaştıkları önemli sorunları, pazarlama ve satış faaliyetleri gibi konular hakkında ayrıntılı veriler elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre Erzincan ili Kemaliye ilçesinde 1 kg bal maliyeti sabit arıcılarda 141,89 TL, göçer arıcılarda ise 107,20 TL olarak hesaplanmıştır. Kovan başına toplam maliyet sabit arıcılarda 1409,75 TL, göçer arıcılarda ise 1007,83 TL olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Agricultural land cover has changed over time, and monitoring these changes has become an effective tool in development processes by linking them to ecological and socio-economic issues. In this context, the main hypothesis of the study is that “determining land use changes spatially and temporally using CORINE Land Cover data is crucial in development-oriented planning processes.” The study analyzes changes in agricultural land use based on CORINE land cover classes between 1990 and 2018 in the districts of Saray, Şarköy, and Hayrabolu in Tekirdağ Province, which have low levels of socio-economic development. The research aims to answer the following questions: during which periods did significant changes occur in agricultural areas in Saray, Şarköy, and Hayrabolu? What are the total rates of increase or decrease in these areas? Into what types of land have agricultural are+as significantly transformed? The methodology was developed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based maps, graphs, and tables. The findings reveal the spatial and temporal dimensions of changes in agricultural land use and land cover between 1990 and 2018. The data obtained are anticipated to provide a concrete foundation for developing rural development policies and ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources.

A study conducted in Phalelung rural municipality, Panchthar, Nepal, in 2023 examined agricultural practices and the economic analysis of large cardamom. A total of 60 households were randomly selected, and data were collected through primary and secondary sources using surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observations to assess the large cardamom economy, package of practices and various challenges faced by farmers. The study revealed that 28% of farmers grew the Ramsai cultivar, with over 82% having access to irrigation. Most farmers (77%) managed shade well and maintained their orchards effectively. However, only 50% used specialized harvesting tools, and 63% employed improved kiln (bhatti), though more education is needed. 68% of farmers received subsidies for constructing improved kiln (bhatti). Notably, 70% of farmers lacked knowledge about cardamom grading, and 90% were unaware of value-added practices. Farmers predominantly used jute bags for packaging. Major issues identified included plant wilt, furkey, rhizome rot, and stem borer infestations. The total production cost was NPR. 114,460.5 per hectare, with a BC ratio of 1.54.  Having high market value, large cardamom provides promising opportunity to uplift the economic and social condition of farmers and stakeholders. This study provides an overview of the status of large cardamom production, processing practices, best cultivation practices to be adopted, disease pest incidence on large cardamom, storage, grading with various cultural practices to be adopted and feasibility of large cardamom cultivation area. This study would help both governmental and non- governmental agencies to make effective plans for large cardamom cultivation to meet Phyto-Sanitary status and minimum requirements to enter export and import system of cardamom in global market.

Bu çalışmada, Denizli ili Tavas ilçesinde doğal olarak yetişen 38 badem genotipinin pomolojik ve kolorimetrik özellikleri incelenmiştir. İncelenen genotiplerde meyve ağırlığı 3,00-6,87 g, iç ağırlığı 0,26-1,98 g ve iç oranı %13,26-43,30 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Meyve boyutları açısından en yüksek varyasyon katsayısı uzunlukta (%18,70), en düşük ise kalınlıkta (%7,55) belirlenmiştir. Renk parametrelerinde L* değeri 36,51-55,90, a* değeri 10,11-15,23, b* değeri 26,16-39,93 arasında değişmiştir. Hiyerarşik kümeleme analizinde genotipler iki ana küme altında gruplandırılmış olup, genetik mesafe 1,21-10,05 arasında değişmiştir. Temel bileşenler analizinde (PCA) ilk beş bileşen toplam varyasyonun %68,84’ünü açıklamıştır. PC1 eksenine en yüksek katkıyı b* (0,433), meyve uzunluğu (0,389) ve iç uzunluğu (0,375) sağlarken, PC2 eksenine en yüksek katkıyı Chroma (0,429) ve iç genişliği (0,200) sağlamıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, incelenen popülasyonun önemli düzeyde genetik çeşitlilik gösterdiği ve özellikle 1, 5, 9 ve 17 numaralı genotiplerin ıslah çalışmaları için değerli genetik kaynaklar olabileceği belirlenmiştir.