Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient analysis, path coefficient analysis and genetic divergence between yield and its contributing traits were estimated using fifteen (15) different chilli genotypes in northern region of Bangladesh. The aim of this study is to screen out suitable parents for next hybridization program. The phenotypic coefficient of variations was found slightly higher than the genotypic coefficient of variations for all characters studied, indicating that the apparent variation is not only genetic but also influenced by the growing environment in the expression of the traits. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed in length of fruit (27.27% and 27.81%). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance in percent of mean in fruit yield per plant (71.23 and 39.38), number of fruits per plant (71.26 and 31.18), weight of individual fruit (88.52 and 43.80), length of fruit (96.13 and 70.59) and diameter of fruit (79.58 and 35.79) suggested that these characters would be considered for varietal selection. The correlation studies revealed that fruit yield per plant showed significant positive correlation with plant height (0.369), number of fruits per plant (0.587), weight of individual fruit (0.634) and length of fruit (0.450) which can be considered for selection of a good variety. Path analysis revealed weight of individual fruit (0.293), plant height (0.205), number of branches per plant (0.186), length of fruit (0.164), number of fruits per plant (0.132) and diameter of fruit (0.078) had direct positive effect on yield per plant, indicating these traits are the main contributors to fruit yield per plant. The divergence value for cluster analysis showed the highest inter-cluster distance between clusters II and IV which indicates that these genotypes may provide high heterosis in hybridization and expected to show wide variability in genetic architecture.

While the cities formed with their natural and cultural values were shaped to the extent allowed by the natural climate conditions in the historical process, the pressures on the traditional character of the cities and natural landscapes have increased as a result of the technological developments and changes that have arisen with the increasing human activities along with the population increase. Urban development areas have emerged around the traditional settlements, resulting in the destruction of natural water resources, pasture, agriculture and forest areas. As a result, this negative impact on the local economy, as well as the ecological balance in the natural landscape surrounding the cities, negatively affects the regional and national economy at the upper scale. Within the scope of the research, NDVI analysis was carried out to determine the effect of urban development areas in the Orhan Batı and Tevfik Çalın Streets connecting the Niğde Central and Bor districts to the green areas and the change in the land cover was created by spatial maps. In addition to NDVI analysis, water permeability of soil and rock structure was determined in order to determine the effect of urban development areas on Groundwater recharging and the effect of Groundwater recharging status and urban development areas on Groundwater recharging with the weighted method of registration were determined and suggestions have been developed in order not to adversely affect natural landscape areas.

Field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of prilled urea (PU) and urea super granule (USG) with their different nitrogen levels (N1 : 70, N2 : 100 and N3 : 130% of the recommended dose) on rice and NH4+-N/NO3- -N in post-harvest soil. Experiment was laid out in a randomized completely block design with three replications at Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) Farm, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during 2015-16. Higher yield attributing characters (plant height, effective tiller panicle-1, panicle length were achieved from USG × N2 treatment. USG, N2 (100% N) and USG × N2 produced the highest grain (3.60, 3.64, 3.78 t ha-1) and straw yield (3.55, 3.45, 3.70 t ha-1) respectively. Though USG × N3 treatment produced the highest effective tiller, panicle length and unfilled grain but USG × N2 treatment produced maximum grain yield of rice due to higher filled grain. In respect of mineral nitrogen, NH4+-N was decreased with the increase in soil depth but opposite result was found in NO3- -N in soil. Deep placement of USG fertilizer released NH4+-N slowly and steadily compared to prilled urea in soil. As a result, one time fertilizer application of USG is better than three times broadcast application of PU in terms of crop yield, nitrogen status in different depth of soil and labour cost. Future research needs to develop the effective USG fertilizer applicator for deep placement in soil during crop production.

Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are among the important pests of forest in the world and in Turkey. Pine-feeding bark beetles interact chemically with their host tree via the behavioral, physiological, and biochemical effects of one class of monoterpenes. The half of oleoresin producing by trees such as pines, spruces, firs in the forests is the monoterpene. The monoterpenes occur in the oleoresin and function as behaviorally active kairomones for pine bark beetles and their predators, presenting a classic example of tritrophic chemical communication. The monoterpenes are aggregation pheromones for pine bark beetle. In the control of bark beetles, monoterpenes are used in traps. For example, the monoterpenes are an attractant for bark beetles. Also, Myrcene is used for a synergistic effect in the trap. Monoterpenes can toxic to insects. Limonene is among the most toxic monoterpenes to bark beetles. Also, the interaction is found between monoterpenes and prey of bark beetle. Monoterpenes are enhanced to respond of predatory to the pheromone of bark beetle.

Günümüz koşullarında, hayvancılık işletmelerinin ve işletmecilerin karşılaştığı en büyük sorunlardan biri, işletme kapasitesini büyütmek için nitelikli ve güvenilir iş gücü temini ve bunun getirdiği maliyet sorunlarıdır. Buna paralel olarak yem hazırlama ve dağıtımı ile ilgili iş gücü, zaman ve maliyet sorunları da işletmeler için önem taşımaktadır. Hayvancılıkta yemleme işlemi günlük çalışmalar içerisinde önemli bir yer tutar. Kullanılan yem, bunun sevki ve idaresi hayvan sağlığını ve işletme verimini etkileyen en önemli faktörlerdendir. Bu çalışmada, durumun önemi göz önüne alındığında, yem hazırlama ve yem dağıtım ile ilgili iş gücü, zaman ve sürü yönetimi sorunları için çözüm olabilecek ve ülkemizde kullanımı yaygın olmayan ve henüz tanınmayan yemleme robotu hakkında operasyon bilgileri verilmiş, sürü yönetimi üzerine etkileri belirlenmiş ve geleneksel yem hazırlama ve dağıtma sistemleri ile karşılaştırılması sonucunda iş gücü ve zaman analizleri yapılmıştır. Özellikle yüksek kapasiteli işletmelerde, yemleme robotu aracılığıyla sağlanan otomasyonun klasik sistemler ile karşılaştırıldığında iş gücünden %75 oranında, zaman girdisi konusunda ise 13,75 kat tasarruf olanağı çıkan sonuçların en önemlilerindendir. Bunun yanı sıra modern işletmelerde kullanılan süt sağım robotu gibi diğer otomasyon içeren işler için de bir destek unsuru ve sürü yönetimi olarak bütünleyici bir etkisi olduğu çıkan diğer bir önemli sonuçtur.

In the province of Tokat Turkey has an important place in terms of agricultural fertilizers and manure in order to demonstrate the environmentally conscious manufacturer 88 were interviewed. It was observed that the producers interviewed within the scope of the research are in the age range of active working age and have a socio-economic structure that makes a living from agricultural income. Factors such as age / education have a great impact on the economic structure as well as on production. Since income will be the biggest indicator of the economic structure, the income status of the producers has been investigated. Annual average agricultural income of producers is 22,311.36 TL, while non-agricultural income is calculated as 24,886.32 TL. Thus, it can be said that the average annual income of the producers is 47,197.68 TL. Here is what producers think about the residue after using the fertilizer; 48.86% of them thought that there would be manure residues and that it would have a negative impact on the environment, 43.18% of the manure would accumulate in the soil and underground water sources, 15.91% of the manure would be washed away in various ways, 11.36% had no idea about the manure residue and 6.82% that some fertilizers will leave residue in the soil. When the econometric relationship between the type of producer (the producer who only farms and works in non-agricultural insured work) and the idea that the fertilizer will accumulate in the soil and groundwater resources, it was determined that there is a significant and positive relationship. In other words, it can be said that producers have knowledge about the factors that cause environmental pollution. However, it continues to fertilize unconsciously without thinking that environmental pollution will harm them over time. This result once again highlights the importance of the training need.

The aim of study is to investigate; the effect of increasing several doses P application on soil C, N and P concentration in Long term experiment conditions. Tested hypothesis; increasing P doses application increases soil C, N and P concentration, consequently plant yield can increase. The experiment has establish at University of Çukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Research and Application field on Arık soil series from since 1998 until update. Four doses of P applied; such as 0 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P0), 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P50), 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P100) and 200 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P200) with tree replications. Under rain fed condition Adana-99 species wheat (‎Triticum aestivum L.) seeds were sown in November 2017 and harvested at May 2018. Soil samples were taken at different depth (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere part at harvest. Soil P concentrations, organic C (OC), inorganic C (IC), soil total carbon C and N were analyzed. Result shown that there is a statistically difference as P concentration, especially in both depth of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, the best application is P200 compared to the control. As the P dose increased, also soil P content increased linearly. In terms of soil OC content, there was a statistically significant difference at a depth of 15-30 cm in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils and, the best practice was got at P200 application compared to control treatment. In addition, due to increasing doses of P application, the mean soil OC, total N and C content increased. The founded results are support our hypothesis.

Biocomfort conditions, which are related to climate parameters, are a factor that affect almost every aspect of people’s lives. Compatibility in terms of biocomfort also brings many advantages and disadvantages in areas where tourism activities are carried out. For this reason, it is of great importance to identify areas that are suitable and not suitable for biocomfort during the tourism season, especially in areas where tourism activities are carried out. In this study, with the help of GIS, it was aimed to determine the areas that are suitable and not suitable for biocomfort in the city of Samsun in June, July, August and September by using the summer temperature index (Summer Simmer Index = SSI). As a result of the study, it was determined that 1.41% of the province in June and 16.65% in September remained in the cold zone. Apart from this, it was determined that 11.58% of the province in June, 33.27% in July, 21.77% in August and 14.3% in September remained in the second generation, which is considered the most comfortable belt.

The increase in consumers' demands for safer and healthier food has led to the development of many new products in food technology. For this reason, micro- or nanoencapsulation has become an important area in order to protect food components with functional properties against environmental conditions and to provide controlled release in recent years. As a matter of fact, many encapsulation techniques have been developed and many different active materials have been encapsulated. Nanoemulsions, a nanoencapsulation technique, are the process of encapsulating core material in two immiscible liquids. Nanoemulsions have higher stability and loading capacity compared to normal emulsions. It also increases the bioavailability of the core materials because of the increased absorption of the active material in the digestive tract. In this review, the required materials for nanoemulsion preparation, the nanoemulsification methods, and the studies on the encapsulation of various food components in nanoemulsions have been reviewed.

The major antimicrobial proteins in donkey milk are lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase and immunoglobulins. Lysozyme has an important role in the host defense by way it inhibits the pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study is to investigate the Lysozyme (LYZ) gene polymorphism in 82 donkeys reared in Thrace region of Turkey. 716 bp long partial 5’ UTR, exon 1, intron 1, exon 2 regions of LYZ gene were amplified and PCR products were analyzed via DNA sequencing. Three novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified as g.1782775A>G, g.1782924A>G and g.1782960T>C in the first intron of LYZ gene. The partial DNA sequence of LYZ gene in donkeys was reported in the present study and sequences of LYZ were entered to NCBI Genbank database with the accession number: MK984689-MK984692. This SNP may have an effect on immune system and milk traits in donkeys and additional studies are needed to confirm this assumption for donkey breeding.