Bu çalışma 2021 yılında Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi bünyesindeki tam otomasyonlu ısıtmalı bir serada yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı dozlarda mikoriza ve organik gübre uygulamalarının biber fidelerinin gelişimi üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Çalışmada Bulut F1 biber çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma, tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine uygun olarak 3 tekrarlı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, biber fidesi yetiştiriciliği için torf-perlit karışımına mikorizalı ve mikorizasız farklı dozlarda besin solüsyonu ve vermikompost uygulanmıştır. Fideler bir buçuk ayda sökümü yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmada, fide boyu, hipokotil uzunluğu, gövde çapı, yaprak sayısı, yaprak yaş ağırlığı, yaprak kuru ağırlığı, kök yaş ağırlığı ve kök kuru ağırlığı özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma bugularına göre, gövde çapı üzerinde vermikompost+mikoriza+EC uygulamalarının daha iyi sonuç vermiştir. Vermikompost dozları arttıkça fide boyu ve hipokotil uzunluğunda bir artış olduğu ancak vermikompost uygulamalarının etkisinin olmadığı görülmektedir. Genel olarak tüm uygulamalara bakıldığı zaman vermikompost uygulamalarına göre EC ve EC+mikoriza uygulamalarının etkisinin daha fazla olduğu görülmektedir.

Over the years, more than 3336 rice genotypes were introduced into Ethiopia from different countries and evaluated for diseases reaction and agronomic traits. However, morphological characteristics and relationships were not well investigated among genotypes. Hence, the objective of this study was to characterize 100 rice genotypes morphologically for better identification and to classify genotypes relationships. The experiment was done using triple lattice design with 10×10 in 2021/22 main cropping season. Twenty-five qualitative morphological traits were used to characterize and 13 quantitative traits were used to categorize relationships of the studied rice genotypes. The Shannon Weaver diversity index of qualitative traits were varied from 0 to 1. Moreover, based on quantitative traits the studied rain fed rice genotypes were grouped into four distinct clusters and four principal components with Eigen value >1 were contributed 78.99% of the total variation. We recommend crossing cluster I with IV genotypes to get early-maturing besides moderate grain yield variety for short rainfall season areas. And cross cluster III with IV genotypes to get medium matured, high filled spikelet per panicle, augmented harvest index, biomass and grain yield variety for long rainfall season areas.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the supplementation of defatted mealworm larvae meal fermented with probiotics to the diet of broilers reared under normal stocking density (NSD) and high stocking density (HSD) on the morphometric characteristics and mineral contents of tibia bone of broilers. A total of 450 one-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were randomly distributed into six groups of similar mean weight, each containing five replicates. The experimental treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial design, incorporating two levels of stocking density (12 birds/m², designated as NSD, and 18 birds/m², designated as HSD) and three different diets in mash form: CONT- a corn-soybean meal-based diet containing no fermented defatted mealworm larvae meal (FDM) (0%); FDMLP- the diet obtained by supplementing defatted mealworm larvae meal (DM) fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum to the CONT diet (0.4%); FDMLB- the diet obtained by supplementing DM fermented with Lactobacillus brevis to the CONT diet (0.4%). HSD significantly aggravated the morphometric parameters (weight, length, weight/length index, diameter of diaphysis and medullary canal, tibiotarsal index and breaking strenght) and decreased mineralization (ash, Ca and P contents) of the tibia of broilers, whereas the FDMLP and FDMLB diets improved tibia mineralization and morphology except its medullary canal diameter and ribusticity index of broilers due to the results of enhanced mineral absorption. In conclusion, the use of FDMLP and FDMLB as new antibacterial feed additives in broiler diets regardless of stocking density was able to improve tibia mineralization and morphology except its medullary canal diameter and ribusticity index of broilers due to the results of enhanced mineral absorption.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pollination and fertilization biology of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.), with a specific focus on understanding the effects of different pollination treatments on fruit formation and seed formation. Two experiments were designed to evaluate both dioecious and monoecious genotypes. In the first experiment, genotype 25 (dioecious female) was subjected to various artificial pollination treatments using pollen from two male genotypes (genotype 5 and genotype 28), as well as isolation treatments to observe parthenocarpic fruit formation. High fruit formation rates were recorded across all treatments, and no significant differences in fruit size or drupelet number were observed, regardless of the pollen source. The second experiment involved three monoecious genotypes (genotype 1, genotype 30, and genotype 31), where significant variations in fruit formation and size were observed, depending on the pollen source. This study highlights the potential for both fertilized and parthenocarpic fruit formation in black mulberry and underscores the importance of pollen source in determining fruit quality and seed formation.

This study analyzed the drying kinetics of peanut pods employing sun, hot air, and microwave drying techniques, and evaluated their mathematical modeling. The findings demonstrated that sun-drying decreased the moisture content from 26.47% to 8-10% over a duration surpassing 72 hours. Hot air drying at temperatures of 60°C, 80°C, and 100°C, commencing with an initial moisture content of 29.92%, necessitated 810 minutes, 360 minutes, and 660 minutes, respectively. Microwave drying, commencing with an initial moisture content of 23.01%, required 40 minutes, 45 minutes, and 60 minutes at belt velocities of 3 mm/s, 4.9 mm/s, and 6.2 mm/s, respectively, at 300 W. At 400 W, the durations were 24 minutes, 30 minutes, and 40 minutes, respectively. All drying kinetics curves exhibited decreasing rates characteristic of agro-food products. Mathematical modeling analysis identified the Midilli model as the most appropriate, succeeded by the Page, Henderson, and Pabis models, for characterizing moisture loss during the sun, hot air, and belt microwave drying of peanut pods.

Examining agricultural exports from the specific perspective of the Turkish economy is essential, as it facilitates the development of foreign trade policies, strengthens the agricultural sector, enhances global market competitiveness, and optimizes productivity. This study employs multiple regression analysis to assess the impact of exchange rate volatility and inflation on Türkiye's agricultural exports from 2016 to 2023. The results indicate that these two variables have a moderate effect on the value of Türkiye’s agricultural exports. Additionally, the analysis highlights that exchange rate volatility and inflation rates significantly affect these exports. Particularly, the positive impact of exchange rate volatility on exports suggests that firms may benefit from increasing their export share.

Nüfus artışı, hızlı ve plansız kentleşme ile birlikte kent içerisindeki yeşil alanlar başta olmak üzere diğer tüm doğal alanlar yapılaşma nedeniyle niteliğini kaybetmiş veya azalmıştır. Kentte yaşayan insanlar için bu alanların azalması ve niteliğinin ortadan kalkması rekreatif ihtiyaçların karşılanamamasına neden olmuştur. Bu durum kent içinde veya yakın alanlarındaki tabiat parklarının, mesire alanlarının ve ormanlık alanlarının daha kıymetli hale gelmesine imkan tanımıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacını, Adıyaman ili, Gölbaşı ilçesi sınırları içinde kalan Gölbaşı Gölleri Tabiat Parkı’nın Gülez yöntemine göre rekreasyonel potansiyelinin belirlenmesi oluşturmaktadır. Gülez yönteminde, rekreasyonel alanın peyzaj değeri, iklim değeri, ulaşılabilirlik durumu, rekreatif kolaylık ve olumsuz etkenlerin puanlandırılmasıyla rekreasyon potansiyeli hesaplanmaktadır. Bu hesaplamaya göre, Gölbaşı Gölleri Tabiat Parkı’nın rekreasyonel potansiyeli toplamda “67” puan alarak “yüksek” kategoride değerlendirilmiştir. Gölbaşı Gölleri Tabiat Parkı’nda gerçekleştirilen arazi çalışmaları sonucunda, yöntemde belirtilen bazı ögelerinin nitelik olarak eksik olduğu ve olumsuz etken ögelerinin oldukça fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Gölbaşı Gölleri Tabiat Parkı’nın rekreasyonel faaliyet potansiyeli tespit edilenden daha fazladır. Sahadaki olumsuz etkenlerin azaltılmasıyla alanın rekreasyonel faaliyet potansiyelinin “19” puan daha artırılabileceği, bu sayede Gölbaşı Gölleri Tabiat Parkı’nın toplam puanın “86” olarak potansiyelinin “çok yüksek” sınıfına ulaşabileceği öngörülmektedir.

Spartium junceum L. is a plant traditionally used for different medicinal purposes. While limited research data explicates its antioxidizing ability, interest in this plant is induced mainly due to its possible role, especially against stress-causing oxidative effects. The objectives of this study were to compare antioxidant activity in flowers and leaves of Spartium junceum L., as well as time under different storage conditions implemented for antioxidative mechanisms. Spartium junceum L. plants were obtained from the Kahramanmaras, Turkey region; subsequently, the flowering and leaf parts of the plant were separated and analyzed. Plant homogenates were prepared, and the activities of SOD and CAT enzymes, as well as MDA levels, were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Enzyme activity upon storage at +4°C, -20°C, and -70° temperature enzyme samples were carried out separately and operated for less than one month in our laboratory. Flowers exhibited higher SOD and CAT activities than leaves. Flowers also showed higher levels of MDA. It may be due to the structural and biochemical differences, where flowers experience extra oxidative stress. The optimal enzyme retention under storage conditions was at -70°C, and a decrease in temperature increased the stability of this biocatalyst. In contrast, MDA levels increased at low temperatures at total capacity. The antioxidant properties of the flower extract had stronger antioxidant potential than those of the leaf part, which also means that chemically active substances show much higher concentrations in this plant section. Storage temperature significantly affects the stability of enzymes, and it was stated that low temperatures mainly maintain antioxidant activity. The results obtained from this study recommend Spartium junceum L. as a valuable antioxidant food resource.

In today's marketing processes, knowing what consumers want plays an active role in shaping the products businesses offer and gaining a competitive advantage. This study aims to obtain a guiding result for companies in this sector by questioning the knowledge levels of consumers regarding honey products. The study aims to reveal the uncertainties in consumer perception between natural and organic honey and examine this distinction's impact on purchasing decisions. The research seeks to create more informed consumer preferences in the honey market and to show the contributions of positioning the product correctly in the minds of consumers. In this study, content analysis was conducted to determine the responses of 117 participants to the statement, “There is a difference between natural honey and organic honey, and I have information about what this difference is.” After the analysis, the study is shaped by dividing consumers into four categories according to their level of knowledge about honey. The qualitative research aims to obtain comprehensive information on the participants' awareness of natural and organic honey. The study results show that the concepts of natural and organic honey can be confused by consumers, and the difference between these two products cannot be fully conveyed. This result shows that organic honey businesses and regulatory organizations should inform consumers more accurately and clearly through marketing communication efforts in marketing their products. In the study, recommendations are presented to consumers and businesses based on the results of the qualitative analysis, and the methods that companies should apply to overcome the deficiencies in consumer perception of the distinction between natural and organic honey are included.

In this study, the plants Melissa officinalis (Melissa), Elaeagnus angustifolia (Elaeagnus), Styrax officinalis (Styrax) and Echinops ritro (Echinops) were firstly used to prepare enriched bread and to study their effects on the shelf life of bread. Water and alcohol extracts of the plants were also prepared to determine their antibacterial and antifungal activities in-vitro. The focus is on their potential applications as natural preservatives in sustainable functional bread production. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion assay. Results showed that alcohol extracts of medicinal and aromatic plants exhibited significantly higher antimicrobial activity than water extracts, with inhibition zones diameters ranging from 15-22 mm for alcohol extracts compared to 8-13 mm for water extracts. Gram-negative bacteria, such as Salmonella Paratyphi A, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, showed resistance, with inhibition zone diameters below 10 mm. However, alcohol extracts from Styrax and Elaeagnus achieved inhibition zone diameters of 12-15 mm against these pathogens. Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, showed promising results, with alcohol extracts zones averaging 20 mm and water extracts inhibition of zone diameters averaging 14 mm. Fungal inhibition zone diameters was effective, with extracts reducing Aspergillus niger growth by 85%. A shelf life experiment revealed that bread enriched with Elaeagnus and Melissa extracts remained mold-free for 7 days, while control samples developed mold within 3-4 days. Sensory analysis indicated that 80% of participants preferred the taste and aroma of Elaeagnus seed bread, with an average score of 4.5-5. The incorporation of medicinal and aromatics plants not only enhances bread flavour but also provides health benefits besides sell life of bread. These plants serve as valuable natural preservatives, improving nutritional value, extending shelf life, and inhibiting harmful microorganisms in sustainable bread production.