In this study, copper toxicity, was investigated after the addition of zeolite to the diet of common carps (Cyprinus carpio). The experiment included four groups with three replicates each. The 4 group feeds were [CuSO4; CuSO4 + Zeolite; Zeolite, and the control without CuSO4 or Zeolite with three replicates each. Fishes were kept in 80 L glass aquariums with 10 fishes with a mean weight of 60.6 ± 0.2 g. At the end of each period, a necropsy was performed on fishes from each treatment, and gross clinical signs were recorded. We found significant changes in the blood parameters of the common carps with or without different levels of zeolite and copper. Changes in cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca2+), phosphorus (P+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), magnesium (Mg2+), and ferrous (Fe+2) were also significant. Our results suggest that zeolite can be used in fish feeds at a rate of 40 mg/l to mitigate the toxic effects of copper.

Bu çalışmada, ticari faj preparatının çiğ sütten yapılmış beyaz peynirde Salmonella kontrolü üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla Salmonella faj preparatı kullanılmıştır. Beyaz peynir üretimi 4 grupta yapılmıştır. Bunlar; 1-kontrol grubu (çiğ süt), 2-çiğ süt+patojen (Salmonella Typhi, %0,05), 3- çiğ süt+faj ilave edilen (%0,1), 4-patojen (%0,05) + faj (%0,1) grubu olarak belirlenmiştir. Beyaz peynir örneklerinde olgunlaşmanın 0., 30., 60. ve 90. günlerinde fizikokimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik analizleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan fiziko-kimyasal analizler; pH, titrasyon asitliği (ºSH), kuru madde, kuru maddede yağ, tuz ve kuru maddede tuz tayinidir. Mikrobiyolojik analizler; toplam aerobik mezofil bakteri, laktik asit bakterileri, Stafilokok spp., koliform grubu bakteri, Salmonella spp. ile faj ilave edilen peynir örneklerinde faj titresi analizidir. Ayrıca faj ilave edilen örneklerin sütlerinde ve peynir altı sularında faj titresi durumu incelenmiştir. Peynir örneklerinde, faj uygulamasının veya söz konusu bir patojen bulaşısının örnekler arasında fiziko-kimyasal ile genel mikrobiyolojik özellikleri bakımından farklılık gösterici etkisinin olmadığı elde edilen veriler sonucunda belirlenmiştir. Bu değerler tüm peynir gruplarında sadece süreye göre değişkenlik göstermiştir. Salmonella spp. sayısında ise 90. günde 2 ve 4 numaralı grup arasındaki fark kontrol grubuna göre kıyaslandığında istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Bunun haricinde Salmonella spp. sayıları gruplar arasında farklı bulunmamış, sadece olgunlaşmanın doğal süreci olarak günlere göre azalış göstermiştir. Bu çalışma sonucunda, çiğ sütten yapılan beyaz peynirlerde bakteriyofaj ilavesinin peynirin fiziko-kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik özelliklerine etki etmediği ve faj etkisi ile patojen bakteri sayısında önemli bir fark olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

In the drier farming regions of the world, where crop production is constrained by short growing period, unpredictable and short rainfall with sporadic run-off, in-situ rainwater harvesting is vital for successful crop production. In connection to this, a study was conducted in Fedis district of Oromia region during the main rainy seasons of 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the effects of in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques (Ridge Furrow (RF), Contour Ridge (CR), and Tied Ridge (TR)) on soil moisture conservation and grain yield of maize. A spilt-plot design was used and soil moisture content was measured at three growth stages of the crop to a depth of 60 cm with 20 cm interval. The results showed that water harvesting techniques significantly increased moisture conservation compared to the control, which was flat bed preparation. Averaged over the three stages, the TR, CR and RF treatments increased soil moisture storage by 134.59, 128.57, and 121.87%, respectively, compared to the control. The study also revealed that the in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques, due to the improved soil moisture storage, significantly affected grain yield of the maize. Averaged over the two years, the TR, CR, and FR increased the grain yield 143.14, 131.47 and 121.16%, respectively, over the control treatment. Therefore, in drier environments, such as Fedis, in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques can be recommended for better moisture conservation and subsequent improvement in crop production.

Endemism is an important criterion for identification of floristic regions and determination of floristic properties of these regions. Turkey is one of the world’s major countries in terms of endemism over 3.000 endemic plant species. This study was carried out in order to determine the floristic composition and endemic plant species on the serpentine and marble (metamorphic rocks) parent material in semi-arid garssland in Çankırı-Eldivan. For this reason plant samples were collected in different growing season in 2014 (month of between April- September), approximately 4ha (Marble, 3.88 ha; Serpentine, 0.08 ha) area in Çankırı-Eldivan. Study area is located A4 square according to the grid system of P.H. Davis (1965-1988) and Irano-Turanian region in phytogeographic respect. As a result of the plant sampling carried out in the area; 16 families, 27 genera, 31 species determined in serpentine parent material. Among of these plants 9 of them are endemic plant. Endemism rate of the serpentine area is 29%. In addition, 20 families, 58 genera, 72 species of plants have been identified in marble parent material and 14 plant taxa of these species endemic. Endemism ratio is 19%. Results of this study showed that parent material effects of plant diversity and endemism ratio.

The impacts of egg weight (EW), egg shell temperature (EST), egg position in the incubator (EP) and incubator ventilation program (IVP) on embryonic mortality (EM) and hatchability of fertile eggs (HFE) of broiler breeders were investigated in this study. EW was determined total 1920 hatching eggs which were obtained from middle aged (31 weeks) Ross 308 broiler breeders. These eggs were classified according to weight as heavy (65.52±0.08g), medium (61.47±0.04g) and light (57.56±0.08g) then were randomly set in trolleys of four identical incubators sorted as near the heather side – door side, humidifier side – opposite side and top – middle – bottom. In two incubators 37.78°C (100.0°F) EST and 38.06°C (100.5°F) EST were provided in the other two. Similarly, two machines were operated on classic IVP system and the other two were operated on new IVP system organised specially for this project during first 10 days of incubation. At the end of the hatching period, data including EM and HFE data were examined in eggs with different EST, EW and EP. It was found that EW and EST were affected to EM and HFE. Lower last stage + pipped but unhatched embryo rates and accordingly higher HFE were determined in eggs with 37.78°C (100.0°F) EST and light. However, differences between IVP and EP data were not significant.

The aim of this review paper is to explore the available information from research findings on the use of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) as a reliable phytogenic antibiotic for poultry production in the tropics especially in Nigeria and other countries. A wide range of phytogenic additives has found a growing interest in fortification of poultry diets. Supplementation of natural alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in order to maintain both birds’ performance and health in the tropics will be a welcome development. Turmeric has reportedly been widely supplemented in poultry diets as natural alternative antibiotics in several studies with outstanding performances. The nutritional, medicinal, haematological and phyto-toxicological effects of turmeric were reviewed in this paper. Hence, turmeric supplementation at recommended inclusion rate in poultry feeds without posing any deleterious effects to the birds’ performances as well as the consumers of the products, and ultimately, leading to better profitability on the part of the farmers, will be a nutritional breakthrough for the farmers in the tropics.

The study was achieved between May 2014 and April 2015 at the Karasu Creek located in the province of Sinop. It was conducted to determine anionic detergent pollution and some physicochemical properties (pH, temperature, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, chemical oxygen demand, phosphate PO4-3, total nitrogen). The anionic detergent concentration of the stations was determined on a monthly basis. Seasonally averaged values of the anionic detergent was measured as the highest value in the autumn season. The lowest values of anionic detergent were found in stations in winter and spring. The increase in the concentration of anionic detergent is caused by population growth in residential areas, increased agricultural activities and rains, and that chemicals move to riverbed from terrestrial areas with rain water.

The study aims at estimating the effect of producers’ socio-economic characteristics and the farm structure on the probability of becoming a member of an agricultural organization. For this aim Ordered Probit Model was applied. The data of 2010 production period was collected from 66 dairy cattle farms through questionnaires based on stratified random sampling method. While 74.2% of producers were not a member to any organization, the remaining 18.2 and 7.6% were members of one and more than one organizations, respectively. The result of study showed that the variables of experience, education level, milk yields, milking machine existence, and record keeping rate increased the probability of becoming a member to any agricultural organization. Government financial, technical and educational supports towards increasing the number of cattle farms, with high educated and experienced labor and high productivity levels, which are associated in an agricultural organization, could promote the willingness of producers in the region in participating of agricultural organizations as a member.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, organik yetiştirilen 115 baş Holstein ırkı inekten oluşan sürüde Büyüme Hormon (GH) geni bakımından genotip ve allel frekanslarınının dağılımını belirlemek, genetik varyasyonu ortaya koymak ve bazı süt verim özellikleri arasındaki ilişkileri araştırmaktır. Elde edilen bulgular sonucunda, çalışılan sığır populasyonunun GH geni LL, LV ve VV genotip frekanslarının sırasıyla 0,41, 0,49, ve 0,10 olarak bulunduğu ve Hardy-Weinberg eşitliği testine göre dengede olduğu görülmüştür. Laktasyon süt verimi ortalamaları LL, LV ve VV genotipleri için sırasıyla 7136 kg, 7470 kg ve 8017 kg olarak tespit edilmiştir. Genotiplere ait incelenen Laktasyon süt verimi, 305 günlük süt verimi, Pik süt verimi ve Laktasyon uzunluğu ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki bulunamamıştır. Çalışmada GH/AluI polimorfizminin sığırların süt verim özelliklerinin ıslahı için tek başına yeterli olmadığı görülmüştür.

Virüsler, az sayıda gen taşıyan küçük bir genomdan ve bu genomu koruyup konak hücreye girişini sağlayan protein bir kılıftan oluşurlar. Diğer canlılardan farklı olarak aktif bir metabolizmaya sahip değillerdir. Çoğalmak için içine girdikleri hücrenin protein sentez ve enzim sistemlerinin kontrolünü ele geçirir, çok sayıda kopyalarını ürettikten sonra çoğunlukla hücrenin ölümüne yol açarak hücreden dışarı çıkarlar. Gıda içerisindeki sayıları değişmez ancak gıda ile iletilebilirler. Uygun işlemlerle gıdalarda etkisiz hale getirilebilirler. Hastalık etmeni bazı virüsler et, süt ve enfekte olmuş hayvanlardan gelen ürünler arasında bulunabilirler. Virüslere bağlı gastroenteritlerin sıklığının özellikle gelişmiş ülkeler başta olmak üzere giderek arttığı gözlenmektedir. Viral gastroenterit etkenlerinden Rotavirüs ve Enterik Adenovirüsler, çocuklarda akut gastroenteritlerin en sık görülen etkenleridir. Gıdalardaki virüsleri saptama yöntemleri yeteri kadar tatmin edici değildir ve gıda tedarikinin rutin olarak izlenmesinde tespiti çok zordur.