This study was carried out to determine the concentrations of some heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Fe) in Diopatra neapolitana (Delle Chiaje, 1841) and sediments in the middle region of İzmir Bay. In the two-year period between autumn 2002 and summer 2004, it has been determined that metal concentrations in D. neapolitana vary over time. The order of accumulation of metal concentrates in D. neapolitana was determined as Cd

Pheasant rearing is rated in three main categories: show and hobby, public interest, and stocking for game birds and edible purposes. The goal of this pheasant breeding station is to put stocking for game birds in their natural habitat, mainly in the Karadeniz region. Contribution to the issues related to incubation in this station and determination of effective reproduction age by setting production period. The aim of this study is to determine how significant performance criteria like egg production, fertility, hatchability and embryonic mortality are, depending on age and on seasonal changes. Our research has been carried out at the Gelemen Pheasant Breeding Station in Samsun. The pheasant breeds that are used on the farm are made up of 114 male and 800 female pheasants (1♂:7♀), of Hungarian and Caucasian genotypes. During the egg-laying period, which lasts for 16 weeks from the end of March (at the age of 45 weeks) to the middle of July (at the age of 60 weeks), egg production was recorded daily and evaluated once a week, and incubation yield was recorded nine times in total. Differences between weeks of age, in terms of egg production, egg and chick weights, fertility rate, incubation yield and embryonic mortality, have been found to be statistically significant. However, hatchability has been found to be statistically insignificant.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of deficit irrigation on yield for cabbage grown under unheated greenhouse condition. The research was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of Yenişehir High School of Uludağ University in Bursa, Turkey, in 2008. In the study, water was applied to cabbage as 1.00, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25 and 0.00% (as control) of evaporation from a Class A Pan corresponding to 2 day irrigation frequency. Irrigation water applied ranged from 70 to 520 mm and water consumption ranged from 90 to 548 mm. The effect of irrigation water level on the yield, head height, head diameter, head weight and dry matter were found to be significant. The highest yield was 72.8 t ha-1. Crop yield response factor for cabbage (ky) was found as 1.036. The highest values of water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) for 2008 year of K2cp treatment was calculated to be 0.143 kg m-3 and 0.137 kg m-3, respectively. K2cp application (75%) can be recommended as the most effective irrigation level for the cabbage to which drip irrigation is applied under scarce and unheated greenhouse conditions.

Bu çalışma, ökse otu (ÖO) olarak bilinen (Viscum album L.)’nin yem değerinin ortaya konulması amacı ile yürütülmüştür. Bu nedenle, kayısı (Purunus cinsi) ve badem (Amygdalus communis L.) ağaçlarından alınan ÖO numuneleri; bütün bitki, sap, yaprak ve meyveler olmak üzere dört alt gruba ayrılmıştır. Kesimhaneden alınan rumen sıvısı ve içeriği kullanılarak In vitro gaz üretim tekniği ile ÖO örnekleri 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 ve 96 saat süre ile inkübe edilmiştir. Örneklerin In vitro organik madde sindirilebilirliliği (OMS), metabolize olabilir enerji (ME) ve net enerji laktasyon (NEL) değerleri 24 saatlik gaz çıkışına bağlı olarak hesaplanmıştır. Kayısı ağacından toplanan ÖO bitkisinin farklı kısımlarındaki (bütün bitki, sap, yaprak ve meyveler) ham protein, ham yağ, ADF ve NDF içerikleri, 90,25 ile 120,82, 80,05 ile100,13, 190,29 ile 330,17, 280,85 ile 500,86 g kg-1 KM aralığında bulunurken badem ağaçlarından toplanan ÖO bitkilerinin aynı ham besin madde içerikleri sırasıyla 100,37 ile 140,67, 80,42 ile 100,35, 200,45 ile 360,87, 340,29 ile 530,10 g kg-1 KM olarak bulunmuştur. Kayısı ağaçlarından toplanan ÖO’nun OMS, ME ve NEL değerleri, 0,60 ile 0,74, 9,0 ile 11,17 ME kg-1 KM ve 6,08 ile 7,71 NEL kg-1 KM iken badem ağaçlarından toplanan ÖO In vitro gaz testinden hesaplanan aynı parametreleri sırasıyla 0,63 ile 0,76, 9,40 ile 11,26 ME kg-1 KM ve 6,39 ile 7,98 NEL kg-1 KM arasında değişmiştir. Ökse otunun farklı bölümlerinin OMS, ME ve NEL değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak farklılıklar elde edilmiştir. Genel olarak, ÖO protein ve lif açısından uygun, kaba yemlerle karşılaştırıldığında ham yağ içeri bakımından yüksek ve ME ve NEL içeriğin bakımından ise hayvan beslemede hammadde olarak kullanılacak kadar iyi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, sağlık ve performans üzerindeki zararlı etkileri beslenme denemelerinde gösterilmedikçe ökse otu, geviş getirenlerin rasyonlarında kullanılabilecek iyi bir potansiyel yem maddesidir.

Canonical correlation analysis is a multivariate method to examine the relationships between two (X and Y) sets of variables when all measurements are obtained from same broilers. Canonical correlation analysis aims to obtain new variables called as canonical variates formed by linear combinations of the original variables for each set and by maximizing the relationships between two set. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between 8 biochemical traits (Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Albumin, Triglyceride, Total Cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, Glucose, Total Protein and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)) and 4 oxidative stress traits (total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), lipid peroxide (LPO)) in broiler chickens. As a result, the correlation between the first canonical variable pair was found 0.594.

The use of bioactive compounds has been maintaining its significance from nutritional aspects. Due to the increasing demand for them in potential markets, researchers struggle to create new sources and improve their methods. Plant materials possess plenty and a diverse range of these compounds. However, their availability strongly depends on the extraction techniques in addition to the sampling methods and the applicability of the method to the specific parts of the plant. Thus, it is crucial to develop a common, precise way which will enable to extract all the active components regardless of their origin and their location in the plant material. Besides, the new method ought to have the highest economic value in comparison to the present applications which means that the efficiency of the extraction should be acceptable on industrial scale as well. Even though numerous methods have been improved so far, it seems to be unlikely to achieve a standardized solution with high valorization for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants until now. This review aims to discuss the novel extraction methods in addition to the conventional techniques focusing on the critical parameters such as the cost, time, yield, feasibility and eco-friendliness of the process.

Turkey, which is among the major gene centers of the world and has a special place in plant genetic diversity. However, many plant genetic resources, including geophytes, are under genetic erosion because of the environmental and other problems and therefore face with the danger of extinction. Lilium ciliatum is endemic to North East Anatolia. IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Natural Resources) Red List Category of this species is Endangered (EN). Lilium ciliatum naturally grown in Zigana pass, Bayburt, Trabzon, Bulancak, Giresun and Gümüşhane is endangered and major threats of L. ciliatum are road construction and human disturbance related to ecotourism and recreation. It was reported that Lilium carniolicum naturally grown in Turkey is endangered although it isn’t in the IUCN Red List. Distribution areas of L. carniolicum are Trabzon, Rize, Artvin and it is also endemic to North East Anatolia. These species have high potential for use as ornamental plants with their colorful big flowers. In addition, the bulbs of these species are also used in the cosmetic industry and medicine. These are the main properties that increase the importance of L. ciliatum and L. carniolicum species. Therefore it is very important to protect the habitats of these species, ensure the continuity of their generations. The disappearance of these endemic species from our country means to disappear from the world. This review has been given in order to give some information about the endangered Lilium species of Turkey and conservation actions on these species in Turkey flora and take attention to the issue.

Genetic diversity estimation among different species is an important tool for genetic improvement to maximize the yield, desirable quality, wider adaptation, pest and insect resistance that ultimately boosting traditional plant breeding methods. The most efficient way of diversity estimation is application of molecular markers. In this study, twenty random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers were utilized to estimate the genetic diversity between ten sunflower genotypes. Overall 227 bands were amplified by 20 primers with an average of 11.35 bands per primer. RAPD data showed 86.34% polymorophic bands and 13.65% of monomorophic bands. Genetic similarity was ranged from 50.22% to 87.22%. The lowest similarity (50.22%) was observed between FH-352 and FH-359 and the maximum similarity 87.22% was observed between A-23 and G-46. Polymorphic information content (PIC) values were varying from 0.05 to 0.12 with a mean of 0.09. Cluster analysis based on RAPD results displayed two major distinct groups 1 and 2. Group-2 contains FH-352 which was the most diverse genotype, while group-1 consists of few sub groups with all other genotypes. Ample diversity was found in all the genotypes. Present study reveals novel information about sunflower genome which can be used in future studies for sunflower improvement.

The most common honey bee diseases are American foulbrood (AFB) caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, Chalkbrood caused by fungus Ascosphaera apis and diseases caused by parasitic mites such as Acarapis woodi, Varroa destructor. These diseases and pests not only cause economic loss but also cause ecological problems related to the role of honey bees, as the most important pollinators on Earth. Synthetic acaricides and antibiotics are used to keep the diseases and mites in control. Use of the drugs lead to the development of drug-resistant organisms, detrimental effect on non-target organisms and the residue problem in bee products. For this reasons, the need for alternative control methods has become compulsory in recent years. It has been known that some plant oils used widely in perfumery and food industry for flavor and smell have been used as repellent to certain insects, bactericide and fungicide. Therefore, intensive studies have been carried out on plants with anti-mites, antibacterial and antifungal potentials and these studies are still going on. Recently, studies in this area have shown that essential oils of plants such as thyme, cloves, mint, lemon grass, cinnamon, grapefruit, rosemary, marigold, are lethal to some mites, bacteria and fungi. In addition, it has been reported that some components, isolated from these plants such as sanguinarine, thymoquinone, capsaicin, carvacrol, citral, eugenol, thymol, show these effects on the organisms. As a result, in countries rich in biodiversity due to endemic plant species, the essential oils used in control of these diseases should be favored instead of or in combination with conventional drugs in integrated the disease management programs because of the lack of harmful effects of essential oils on non-target organisms and environment.

Bu çalışmada, Kahramanmaraş’taki tarım arazilerinde bulunan Bacillus sp. izolatlarının antimikrobiyal aktivite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toplanan tarım arazisi toprak örneklerinden Bacillus izolasyonu yapılmıştır. Bu izolatlar morfolojik ve biyokimyasal olarak tanımlanmıştır. Farklı karbon kaynaklarındaki (glukoz, fruktoz ve sakkaroz) Bacillus izolatlarının ve referans Bacillus türlerinin bazı bakterilere ve patojenik mayaya (Candida albicans) karşı antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri disk difüzyon yöntemine göre araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, çalışmada kullanılan Bacillus izolatlarının sekonder metabolitleri test edilen mikroorganizmaların gelişmelerini değişik oranlarda engellemiştir (1-25,2 mm inhibisyon zonu). Üç izolat (Bacillus sp. B6, B13 ve B43) yüksek antibakteriyel aktivite göstermiştir. Bacillus sp. B6, Bacillus sp. B13 ve Bacillus sp. B43’ün, kullanılan tüm karbon kaynaklarında Candida albicans’a karşı (Bacillus sp. B6-sakkaroz hariç) antifungal sekonder metabolitleri ürettiği belirlenmiştir. Daha da önemlisi karbon kaynağı olarak fruktoz kullanıldığında Bacillus sp. B13 (1-11,67 mm inhibisyon zonu) ve Bacillus sp. B43’ün (1,4-19 mm inhibisyon zonu) tüm patojen mikroorganizmalara karşı antibakteriyel ve antifungal etkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir.