The main purpose of this study is to determination of agricultural structure and mechanization features of agricultural enterprises in Karaman province. The main material of the study is statistical data of Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) of 2009 – 2018 years for Karaman province. According to the data of Karaman province in 2009 and 2018, the average tractor power is 34.92 kW and 35.33 kW; the average tractor power per cultivated areas 2.45 kWha-1 and 1.93 kWha-1; the number of tractors per 1,000 ha is 52.27 and 40.76; the cultivated area per tractor is 19.13 ha and 24.54 ha, respectively. The number of equipment per tractor is 10.66 and 9.86, and the number of combine harvester per 1,000 ha is 0.47 and 0.55.

Undoubtedly, supply demand balance must be ensured for the development of geographically indications products. In order to increase the demand for geographically indications products, firstly, consumers should be aware of the geographically indications products and have information about the benefits and advantages of these products. Undoubtedly, as with other agricultural products, price is also an important issue for purchases in geographical indications products. Therefore, it was aimed to determine the factors affecting consumers' willingness to pay for geographical indications products in the Tokat province. For this purpose, face to face survey was conducted with 382 consumers. It was determined that 49,21% of the consumers who participated in the research wanted to pay more price for a product with a geographical indications label. According to the results of the probit analysis, a positive relation was found between awering that Niksar walnut is a geographical indications product and the willingness to pay for geographical indications products. However, a negative correlation was found between monthly food expenditure and tendency to pay for geographical indications products.

In the research, it was aimed to determined he level of information of university students’ about bee products, consumption behaviors and habits. The study was conducted on 311 students who were randomly selected from the students studying at Selçuk University. Most of the students who participated in the survey live in the Marmara Region. When the results were examined, it was found that all of the students had knowledge about honey, however, the knowledge level for pollen, royal jelly, bee wax, bee venom and propolis were75.2%, 43.7%, 41.2%, 30.2%and 21.2%, respectively. There was also no significant difference bet ween gender and consumption of honey, pollen and propolis. Whilet here was a significant difference bet ween honey and propolis consuming of students in terms of monthly average income and consumption of bee products, there was no significant difference in pollen and royal jelly consumption. It was found that there was no significant difference in bee product like honey, pollen and royal jelly between average monthly food expenditure and consumption, but it was found that there was a significant difference in consuming propolis.With this information, the students how they obtained the bee products, how much they consume in which season, how they understand the artificiality and crystallization of honey, and the physical states of the products were compared and also, these results compared with the other studies made about this topic before and some suggestions were made.

In this study, antibacterial effects of semi-parasitic plant common mistletoe (Viscum album L.), collected from different woody host, extracts on the tomato bacterial cancer and wilt disease agent Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, pepper and tomato bacterial leaf spot disease agent Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria and tomato bacterial leaf spot disease agent Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato were determined. The common mistletoe collected from pine, pear, acacia and mahaleb trees. The leaves and stems water extracts of common mistletoe were added to Nutrinet agar medium before autoclaving at the final concentrations of 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10%. The bacterial concentration was adjusted to 108 cfu/ml with spectrophotometer to within an 0.2 at 600 nm. Then, 100 µl of bacterial inoculums were spread over the extracts amended media plates. As a control group, pathogens were plated on the unamended media. The study was established in 3 repetitions and repeated 2 times. At the end of the incubation period, bacteria growing on all treated petri dishes were collected and their density was measured in a spectrophotometer. Based on the results of the study, 1% and 2.5% concentration of the extracts obtained from leaves and stems of common mistletoe collected from different trees were not effective on the bacteria tested, while 5% and 10% concentration of them inhibited the bacterial growth completely (100%). Also, it was observed that there wasn’t difference on the pathogens on the basis of the host where mistletoe was collected. According to the results of this study conducted under in vitro conditions, in vivo studies should be carried out with the common mistletoe extract, which is effective on the bacterial pathogens.

The aim of this study is to screen the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) carrying rye translocation for the semi-dwarf (Rht), photoperiod (Ppd) and vernalization (Vrn) genes. Recombinant inbred lines were obtained by hybridization of bread wheat varieties Tosunbey and Tahirova-2000. Only the lines carrying 1BL.1RS rye translocation from population were used in the study. Parents and all of RILs were found to have Rht-B1a, which is a semi-dwarf allele, and Ppd-D1a allele, which is not susceptible to photoperiod. The vernalization alleles (Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1) in the lines were also determined. It was determined that both parents and all the RILs had vrn-A1 allele, and not Vrn-A1c allele. It was determined that 151 of RILs contained vrn-B1 allele and 154 of them contained Vrn-B1 allele, while 131 of RILs had vrn-D1 allele and 174 of them had Vrn-D1 allele. In addition, molecular screening were carried out for waxy alleles (Wx-A1, Wx-B1 and Wx-D1) which were effective on flour swelling, water holding capacity and shelf life of bread wheat. As a result of the molecular data it was found that 141 of RILs carry all three alleles and named as “normal amylose wheat” and 164 of them had only Wx-A1 and Wx-D1 alleles, as known “low amylose wheat”. The results indicated that the population used in the research could be the subject of some researches, especially drought tolerance, and RILs could be used to develop genetic material carrying rye translocation for wheat breeding programs.

This study was aimed to determine the responses of some sunflower hybrids to drought and low temperature stresses during germination and seedling development period. Sunflower hybrids of Sanbro MR, 63LE113, 64LL62 and Meteor were used in the study. Germination percentage, mean germination time, root and shoot length, root / shoot ratio, seedling fresh and dry weight of the sunflower hybrids were investigated at two temperatures (low 15°C and optimum 25°C) and drought stresses (distilled water, -1.5, -3.0, -4.5 and -6.0 bar) induced by polyethylene glycol 6000. The results of the research showed that there were significant differences among the sunflower hybrids in terms of the investigated characteristics. Increased drought stresses led to decreasing germination percentage, root and shoot length, seedling fresh weight, but caused a prolonged germination time and increased seedling dry weight. No significant change was observed in the germination and seedling development of the sunflower up to drought of -3,0 bar. The root / shoot ratio of sunflower hybrids increased at 15°C. The Sanbro MR had the fastest and highest germination along with the highest seedling fresh and dry weight at low temperature and higher drought stresses. It was concluded that sunflower hybrid Sanbro MR gave better performance under drought and low temperature conditions than the other hybrids.

2018 yılı verilerine göre Çanakkale ili Türkiye kanola üretiminde %7,5’lik pay ile 5. sırada yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, araştırma alanı olarak belirlenen Çanakkale ilinde, 2018 yılında kanola üreten ve Tam Sayım Yöntemine göre tespit edilen 83 işletmeden elde edilen veriler yardımıyla, kanola üretiminde kullanılan girdilerin miktar ve parasal değer bakımından işletme büyüklük grupları arasında farklılık olup olmadığının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre; birim alana kullanılan girdilerin bedelleri arasında sadece ilaç girdisinin işletme büyüklük gruplarına göre %5 düzeyinde, birim alana kullanılan girdi miktarı dikkate alındığında sadece makine işgücü isteği değerinin işletme büyüklük grupları arasında %5 düzeyinde istatistiki yönden farklılık gösterdiği anlaşılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları incelenen işletmelerde girdi kullanımı açısından, işletme grupları arasında istatistiki yönden önemli bir fark bulunmadığını, bu durumun da kanola üretim teknolojisindeki benzerlik yanında büyük işletmelerin ölçek ekonomisinin pozitif yönlerinden faydalanamadığını göstermektedir. Bu nedenle orta ve uzun vadede genelde tarımsal üretimde özelde ise kanola üretiminde işletmelerin üretim düzeyleri dikkate alınarak farklı araçlarla ve değişik yöntemlerle desteklenmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Antifreeze proteins are those proteins that have ability to protect the organism against environmental conditions at temperatures below zero, and to resize the shape and size of ice crystals. Due to these properties, they prevent food from sensory, structural and mechanical damages during the storage in cold and they extend the product shelf life. In this review, the types and structure of antifreeze proteins, their mechanism of action and the possibilities of use in food are presented.