This review article discussed the effects of various production systems on the welfare of laying hens. The global egg production capacity has been increasing with the evolving production systems which are driven by the consumer preferences. In developed countries, the egg industry has shifted from focusing on quantity and quality of eggs to asking questions of how these eggs are produced. Animal welfare issues emphasized by consumers in these countries led to the banning of conventional cages as seen by European Union in 2012. Such legal measures have uplifted research in various alternative production systems which are thought to be animal friendly. Countries that have adjusted to alternative systems such as free range are registering an increase in the number of free range eggs which is a positive sign for an industry that is willing to adapt and move forward. However, in developing countries, conventional cages are still being used because they are fundamental to the quantity of egg production which is a success indicator of the egg industry. In addition, lack of awareness within the consumers and local producers that birds are sentient has not helped the poultry industry in such countries. However, the alternative production systems have also not fulfilled all the behavioural needs of the animals and, hen welfare issues such as keel and bone damage are common in enriched and perched systems. Also, the high prevalence of diseases and parasites are observed with significant levels in litter floor and outdoor systems an issue attributable to the direct contact between birds and soil or faces. Due to the continuing welfare issues in all laying hen production systems, it is suggested that in addition to genetic selection for traits like bone strength, reduced feather pecking, research should combine both the modification of equipment’s or materials used in each production system and environmental factors such as illumination and temperature as an alternative to improve hen welfare.

The aim of the study is comparing the milk consumption habits of the students of the Department of Dairy Technology and Department of Agriculture Economy The survey was conducted with 66 students from Department of Dairy Technology and 84 students from Department of Agriculture Economy. It is indicated that 82.54% of the students from Department of Dairy Technology and 74.07% of the students from Department of Agriculture Economy get information from expert organizations (universities, private companies, etc.) about the importance of milk in nutrition. According to the Chi-square tests, there is a significant relationship between the department preference variable and the sources which are getting information and found reliable by the students and milk consumption variable. Besides, it is indicated that 98% of the students from both of the departments prefer pasteurized and UHT milk rather than raw milk.

Both industrial and academic fields, 3-dimensional (3D) printing of food materials is one of the most interesting subjects. Taking attention with its errorless product handling, easy adaptation for personalized nutrition and sustainable properties, 3D printing of foods is also having a potential in the field of health and nutritious products. In this review, potential connection between meat products, personalized nutrition and 3D printing were mentioned briefly. After that, basic working principles of 3D printers and applicability for meat products were explained. Assessment of meat process waste, advantages and limitations, concept of printability and studies in this field were explained and discussed in details.

In this study, pectin was obtained from dried grapefruit peels by microwave assisted extraction and the extraction conditions were optimized for pectin yield. Response surface method was used for the optimization and optimum extraction conditions were determined as 30 ml/g solvent solid ratio, 90 s and pH 1. The yield of pectin extracted at these conditions was found to be 20.93% and the properties of the extracted pectin were compared to pectin obtained by conventional extraction. FT-IR analysis was performed for both pectins. Pectin obtained by microwave assisted extraction was compared with pectin obtained by the conventional method and their structures were found to be similar to each others. It was determined that the pectin obtained had high degree of esterification.

In this study, it was aimed to detect the antimicrobial activity of 312 Enterococcus species against Listeria monocytogenes. Antimicrobial activity was detected by agar spot and well diffusion assay. A total of 201 enterococcal strains inhibited the growth of L. monocytogenes strains based on the agar spot test. Only 44 strains showed antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes strains using agar well diffusion assay. Of the 44 enterococcal strains screened, 6 E. faecium (2.99%) strains had a high antimicrobial effect against indicator L. monocytogenes strains. The antilisterial activity of 6 E. faecium strains had lost after treatment of proteinase K, trypsin and pepsin. The antimicrobial compounds of these strains could be a protein or peptides nature. E. faecium strains were more active against L. monocytogenes than E. faecalis strains.

This study has been carried out to investigate that the effect of different levels of in ovo zinc, manganese and copper mineral mix injection on the hatchability and some tissue characteristics in the Japanese quail breeder eggs. In the study a total 400 Japanese quail breeder eggs which have similar weight have been randomly distributed to four different experimental groups: C as control non-injected (C), MinMix1 has been injected with 15+15+3 µg Zn-Mn-Cu mineral mix + 0.2 ml physiological serum per egg, MinMix2 has been injected with 30+30+6 µg Zn-Mn-Cu mineral mix + 0.2 ml physiological serum per egg and MinMix3 has been injected with 45+45+9 µg Zn-Mn-Cu mineral mix + 0.2 ml physiological serum per egg. The effect of treatment on hatchability, hatching weight and tibia weight, leg, beak and tibia lengths has been found to be unimportant. The yolk sac weight was lower in the injected groups compared to the control group, whereas the heart and liver weights, chick and wing lengths have significantly increased with the in ovo mineral mix injection. The hatching of chicks in the injected groups has started earlier than the control group and the hatchings of these groups were completed earlier, except for the MinMix3 group. These results demonstrated that in ovo injection with MinMix2 increased heart and liver weights and chick and wing lengths while in ovo mineral injection decreased yolk sac.

Akışkan yatak sistemi, ağır sanayiden, eczacılık, kimya ve gıda sanayisine kadar geniş kullanım alanı bulmaktadır. Bu sistemde küçük katı parçacıklar hava ile temas ettirilir ve hareketleri sağlanarak yatak içerisinde askıda tutulmaları sağlanır. Yatak içerisinde akışkanlaşmanın başladığı andaki hız olarak tanımlanan minimum akışkanlaşma hızı, akışkan yatak sistemlerin en önemli tasarım ve işletme parametresidir. Toz gıdalarda akışkan yatak, kurutma, aglomerasyon, granülasyon ve kaplama proseslerinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Akışkan yatak teknolojisinde birçok olay eş zamanlı olarak gerçekleştiğinden sistem üzerine etki eden çok sayıda değişken mevcuttur. Bu derlemede, akışkan yatak, toz gıda proseslerinde akışkan yatak uygulamaları ve akışkan yatak sisteminin kullanılması sırasında dikkat edilmesi gereken parametreler hakkında bilgi sunulmaktadır.

In this study, we aimed to investigate genetic differences between estivated Phassalis and hibernated Termessos native B. terrestris populations based on 20 microsatellite loci and two mtDNA gene regions (COI and cytb). The mean number of allele per locus, observed heterozigosity and inbreeding coefficients were determined 12.00 and 11.00, 0.68 and 0.65, 0.22 and 0.26 in Termessos and Phassalis populations, respectively. Pairwise FST value was calculated as 0.023 by using 20 microsatellite loci. According to the mtDNA COI gene region, all samples in both two populations were included in a single haplotype (Haplotype B). Four different haplotypes (Haplotypes 1-4) were determined according to the mtDNA cytb gene region. Pairwise FST value was calculated as 0.0013 according to the mtDNA cytb gene region. There were no significant differences between these two natural B. terrestris populations in terms of the 20 microsatellite and two mtDNA loci examined. According to results, life cycle differences of different native B. terrestris population are probably determined by environmental factors (photoperiod, temperature, flora, moisture, altitude etc.) rather than genetic influences.

In this research, herbivorous plants and fungus samples, naturally grown and consumed as a nutrition by the local people, were collected from Gülpınar village and Gülpınar plateau of Mesudiye district and Turnalık plateau of Ordu province. In the collected samples, the elemental analysis for Ca, K and Fe elements that are highly crucial for physiology of human being were carried out as a percentage level by using Energy Dispersive X- Ray Spectroscopy (EDXRF). According to the obtained results from the plant samples; The highest Fe content was found to be 0.01% and 0.006%, respectively, in the Ferrula communis and the Amaranthus retraflexus. In terms of the amount of Ca, the Rumex crispus and the Mentha sp. were the species with the highest values of 1.09% and 1.39%, respectively. Finally, the importance of the results obtained in terms of these elements examined and their effects on human health are discussed.

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress factors causing serious problems in agricultural areas in the world. In this study aimed to determine the salt stress tolerance of local bread wheat genotypes collected from some provinces of Turkey and provided from seed gene banks in our country in early growth stage. In the research, twenty five local bread wheat genotypes and four registered bread wheat cultivars as standard were used as material. Genotypes were subjected to salt stress germination percentage, radicle length, coleoptile length, shoot length, germination index, root fresh and dry weight, were measured. Germination percentage was decreased significantly by 39.1 % in salt application compared to the control. According to the germination percentages, TR 53869, Kate A1 and Pehlivan genotypes were found to be tolerant to salt stress in early growth stage TGB 000543 and TR 63579 were sensitive. Considering all traits investigated, genotype TR 53869 can be considered as a genotype tolerant to salt stress in early growth stage. It is predicted that this genotype can be used in breeding studies for the areas where salt stress is a problem in wheat.