This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the recent increase in the frequency of drought conditions and Root-Crown Rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum, Fusarium culmorum) in rainfed wheat growing areas of Central Anatolia. In 2018, the experiment was established in the greenhouse of Konya Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural Research Institute using 25 registered wheat varieties in a randomised block split-plot experimental design with 4 replications. Irrigation levels (100% field capacity and 50% field capacity) were designed as main plots, inoculation (+ and -) as subplots and varieties as sub-subplots. In the study, the response of the cultivars to inoculation under artificial drought conditions was evaluated by measuring Crown Score (CR), Lesion Length (LL), Number of Diseased Leaves from outside to inside (NDL) and Plant Height (PH) from five plants in each pot. Statistically, the differences between inoculation, irrigation, NDL and LL were found to be significant at P<0.0001 level, while the differences between varieties were found to be significant at P<0.001 level for the CR parameter. On the other hand, when the interactions were evaluated for the NDL parameter, the differences were found to be significant at P<0.0001 level for all three interactions of cultivar*inoculation, cultivar*irrigation and cultivar*inoculation*irrigation. When the effect of reduced water application intended to be used in resistance breeding was evaluated for 25 different varieties under Fusarium culmorum inoculation, there was an increase in CR from 41,7% (Gerek-79) to 487,5% (Altay-2000), NDL from 7,14% (Kirgiz-95) to 200% (Alpu-2001), LL from -36,84% (Karahan-99) to 283,33% (Altay-2000) and in PH reduction from 12,41% (Seval) to 32,22% (Kirgiz-95). The results showed that drought-stressed plants were already weakened and therefore more easily and severely infected by pathogens. According to these results, it has been determined that it is very important for the region to obtain resistance to drought and crown rot diseases, which have such an obvious relationship, in breeding studies.

Agricultural farming is a complicated system that involves continuous interactions among its multiple components over a period of time. The series of activities involved in farming practices have enormous contributions to ensure food security for the humanity. With the passage of time, agriculture sector faces diversified challenges like high food demand of rapidly growing population, scarcity of available resources and adverse effect of climate change. In developing countries like Bangladesh, food sufficiency is mostly achieved through intensive farming which has detrimental effects on natural resources, surrounding environment, and the whole ecosystem. The review attempts to discover the potentials of conservation agriculture practices for sustainable crop productivity and economic profitability of smallholder farmers in Bangladesh. This study revealed that conservation farm management practice is a cost-effective modernized technique that has the ability to accelerate crop productivity and farmers income through minimum utilization of agricultural inputs. Although the concept of conservation agriculture is widely practiced in other parts of the world, Bangladesh is experiencing a slow rate of adoption during the last few years. The policy implication of the study suggests that the government should take coordinated and combined initiatives involving both public and private sector organizations to incorporate this concept into the mainstream agricultural system of Bangladesh.

Sorbitol is an important source of abiotic stress that is used to increase osmolality in cell cultures. It increases the antioxidant enzymes of defense catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the stress state of cells. Sorbitol plays an important role in stimulating these enzymes in cells and increasing phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL) activity. The aim of this study was to apply increasing doses of sorbitol elicitor to cell suspension cultures to determine the changes in cell number, viability, dry weight, and camphor content. In vitro plantlets were obtained from plant seeds and stem segments of these plants were used as explant source. Cell cultures were established after callus formation. Then, 0 (control), 5, 25, and 50 g L-1 sorbitol was dissolved in distilled water and cultured. Samples were taken three times in total, starting from day 1 to day 3. The content of camphor was detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Cell number, viability,dry weight, and camphor content increased significantly with increasing doses of sorbitol compared to sampling times. Compared to the initial culture, the amount of camphor increased by 40% at the 5 g L-1 dose, 82% at the 25 g L-1 dose, and 154% at the 50 g L-1 dose. In A. gypsicola cell cultures, increasing doses of sorbitol have clearly demonstrated the secondary metabolite accumulation and its positive effect on cell growth.

The present study examined the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), and sensory properties of aronia marmalades prepared with different cooking methods (CM) (boiled (B) and pressure-boiled (PB)) by adding sugar (S) and stevia prebiotic fiber sweetener (SP). Ash, reducing sugar, sucrose, viscosity, L*, a*, b*, C*, and H° values, and total sugar content of aronia pulp and marmalades differed significantly by cooking method and sweetener type (ST). Hydroxymethylfurfural could not be detected in aronia pulp and marmalades. Concerning CM, TPC (total phenolic content) and TMA (total monomeric anthocyanin) values were found to be significantly higher in PB cooking than in the B cooking method. On the other hand, TFC (total flavanoid content) was statistically higher in boiled marmalades. According to CM, the DPPH antioxidant activity of marmalades was significantly higher in B marmalades. The TPC, TMA, TFC, and antioxidant properties of marmalades differed sigficantly by ST. The TPC of marmalades prepared with SP addition was higher than that of S-added marmalades and control. According to ST, whereas the antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) of S and SP-added marmalades were lower compared to the control, the antioxidant activities determined by DPPH and ABTS among S and SP-added marmalades were higher in SP-added marmalades. The panelists gave the highest scores to BSC (boiled S-added marmalade). Considering the overall acceptance scores, the second highest score was given to BST (boiled SP-added marmalade). In other words, in terms of sensory evaluation, boiled marmalades received higher overall acceptance scores, while PBST (PB SP-added marmalade) received the lowest scores. According to these results, astringency components decrease with cooking in an open vessel. Furthermore, it can be said that sugar masks this astringent taste.

Aronia melnocarpa, commonly known as chokeberry, originates from the eastern region of North America and belongs to the Rosaceae family within the Maloideae subfamily. The sour taste of fresh chokeberries makes them infrequently eaten as is, but they find extensive use in the food industry for creating fruit juices, fruit teas, wines, jams, jellies, and dietary supplements. Chokeberries represent a source of a wide range of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits for humans. Among the effects supporting human health are antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties, as well as protection for the heart, liver, and nervous system. The abundant presence of polyphenols, such as phenolic acids, flavonols, anthocyanins, flavanols, and proanthocyanidins, plays a crucial role in conferring the remarkable bioactivity of chokeberries. These compounds are responsible for many of the health benefits associated with the consumption of chokeberries. Chokeberry fruits and their derived products showcase notable antioxidant properties and have the potential to promote health by effectively reducing the formation of free radicals. In this review, a comprehensive analysis of scientific research has been conducted to explore the polyphenolic compounds found in chokeberries, as well as their antioxidant potential. The findings in this review are likely to have a significant impact on future research focused on developing functional food products based on chokeberries. Chokeberries possess the potential to serve as food constituents intentionally crafted to augment antioxidant capacity. However, similar to other natural plants and medicinal products, conducting extensive research is crucial to assess the antioxidant potential, safety, and mechanisms of action of chokeberries. Therefore, the aim is to make a positive contribution to the continuation of research on the positive effects of chokeberry on health.

Plants are exposed to various adverse environmental conditions throughout their growth period. In recent years, drought, which has occurred and necessitated different measures, ranks among these adverse conditions. At the same time, plants synthesize certain biochemical compounds in response to the adverse conditions they will encounter. These compounds not only strengthen the immune system but also provide resistance against various diseases, and they tend to increase under adverse environmental conditions that plants will face during cultivation. This study was conducted to determine the changes in yield and some biochemical components in pickling hot peppers (Capsicum Annuum L.) grown under different water stress conditions. Two different levels of water stress (%70 and %30 irrigation) were applied in addition to full irrigation (%100 irrigation). At the end of the research, while a yield of 269.42 g per plant was obtained in the control group (%100 irrigation), 150.14 g and 93.33 g of pickling hot peppers were harvested in each water stress treatment, respectively. Total phenolic compound levels increased with water stress; it was determined to be 0.827 mg-1g in the trial irrigated with full irrigation water, 1.170 mg-1g in plants exposed to mild water stress, and up to 1.536 mg-1g in the trial subjected to severe water stress. In addition, total flavonoids and antioxidant compound levels also increased with increasing water stress. The amounts of flavonoid compounds obtained from the trial groups were 0.146, 0.373, and 0.412 mg-1g, respectively, while the antioxidant levels determined by the DPPH method increased in quantity with increasing water stress, similar to other biochemical compounds. According to these results, it was determined that the yield of pickling hot peppers decreased in the case of water shortage that the plants would face in cultivation, but there was an increase in some biochemical compounds.

Chlorophyll meters manage both the amount and duration of nitrogen fertilizer application based on the principle that the chlorophyll or nitrogen content of plants should be maintained throughout their development. For smallholders in developing countries, the use of a hand-held meter to manage nitrogen fertilizer in rice and wheat is the most popular method. The adoption of nitrogen management strategies based on close sensing using chlorophyll meters and optical sensors will largely depend on the inclusion of specific economic analysis in future research. The importance of using sensors and chlorophyll meters for nitrogen fertilizer management depends on how successful current practices have been. In this study, five different nitrogen rates (0, 80, 120, 160, 200 kg N ha-1) were applied to two different wheat varieties, and the effect of these different nitrogen rates on wheat protein content was investigated in a randomized block design. A quadratic polynomial model described the relationship between protein content and nitrogen rates.

Bu çalışmada farklı sindirilebilir amino asit seviyelerindeki rasyonlara ticari proteaz enzimi ilavesinin yumurta tavuklarının performansı, yumurta kalite parametreleri ve azot atılımı üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma, 26 haftalık yaştan 56 haftalık yaşa kadar olan 336 adet Nick Brown yumurta tavuğu ile yürütülmüştür. Deneme 4 muamele grubu, ve her tekerrürde 7 hayvan olacak şekilde 12 tekerrürle yürütülmüştür. Faktöriyel bir düzende 4 rasyon uygulaması (2 amino asit seviyesi; normal ve %6 daha düşük × enzim takviyeli veya takviyesiz) deneme bloklarına rastgele atanmıştır. Nick Brown yumurta tavuklarına proteaz ilavesinin canlı ağırlık, yumurta ağırlığı, yumurta verimi, yumurta kalitesi, yem değerlendirme, yem tüketimi ve azot atılımı üzerinde önemli bir etkisi olmazken; amino asit seviyelerinin yumurta verimi, yumurta ağırlığı ve haftalık yem tüketimi üzerinde önemli etkileri olduğu, ancak bu etkilerin deneme geneline yansımadığı belirlenmiştir. Amino asit seviyeleri ve proteaz ilavesi arasındaki interaksiyon istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuş; Haugh birimi standart amino asit rasyonlarında proteaz ile iyileşirken, düşük amino asit seviyeli rasyonlarda önemli bir değişiklik olmamıştır. Amino asit seviyeleri ve proteaz ilavesi arasındaki interaksiyon, atılan azot / tüketilen azot oranı için istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur.  Atılan azot, normal amino asit rasyonlarında proteaz ilavesi ile iyileşirken; düşük amino asit rasyonlarında önemli bir değişiklik olmamıştır. Sindirilebilir esansiyel amino asit gereksinimleri ideal amino asit profiline göre karşılandığında, ticari kahverengi yumurtacılarda performansı ve yumurta kalitesini olumsuz etkilemeden önerilen protein ve amino asit seviyelerini %6 oranında azaltmanın mümkün olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca, proteaz ilavesinin söz konusu amino asit seviyelerinde Kahverengi yumurtacı tavukların performansı veya yumurta kalitesi üzerinde önemli bir etkisi yoktur.

Breeding studies of scented cut roses have gained significance recently. The Black rose, a naturalized old garden rose in Türkiye, is a valuable genetic resource for breeding programs due to its pleasant scent. This study investigated the fertility of the Black rose (Rosa odorata cv. Louis XIV, Halfeti rose) as a seed parent and its ability to transmit flower traits to offspring. Four commercial cut rose varieties with known pollen germination rates were used as pollen parents. Each combination underwent at least 33 pollinations, and the fruit set rate, the average seed number per fruit, and the seed germination rate were examined. Both parents and one-year-old F1 progeny were evaluated for petal number, scent, and flower color traits during two flowering periods. Cross-pollination resulted in fruit set rates ranging from 70.21% to 100.0%, average seed numbers per fruit ranging from 5.0 to 10.0, and seed germination rates ranging from 4.42% to 21.69%. Morphological characterization revealed that 5.05% of the progeny exhibited moderate to intense scent, 42.42% had sour cherry-colored petals, and petal numbers ranged from 9 to 54. Considering the overall efficiency of rose breeding programs, the findings demonstrate the promising fertility of the Black rose and its relative success in forming efficient combinations with hybrid tea roses. However, it also suggests that the Black rose is not as successful in transmitting the scent to its offspring as in transmitting the flower color.

The use of modern breeding methods along with appropriate cultivation techniques facilitates the acquisition and multiplication of varieties that possess the desired characteristics. Therefore, efforts towards the in vitro propagation of woody plants are increasing day by day. Today, plants such as Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Ribes, Rubus, etc., can be successfully propagated in vitro. Apricot stands out as a stubborn species among Prunus types for shoot regeneration and genetic transformation. In this context, this study aims to determine how different plant growth regulators affect shoot regeneration of some native apricot varieties, which hold significant importance in apricot cultivation in our country. In the conducted study, mature cotyledons of Kabaaşı, Hacıhaliloğlu, and Hasanbey apricot varieties were used along with the culture medium consisting of MS. Different doses and ratios of plant growth regulators, including BAP and TDZ, in combination with NAA and GA3, were added to the culture media. At the end of the in vitro study, the callus and primordium formation rate (%), bud and shoot formation rate (%) and number of shoots per explant were recorded. According to the results, the variety with the highest callus formation was Kabaaşı, followed by Hasanbey and Hacıhaliloğlu. In all three varieties, the rate of callus formation decreased in media containing GA3. Regarding the stage of shoot regeneration from callus, the highest shoot formation with an average of 4 shoots per explant was observed in the Kabaaşı variety in the TDZ (1.0 mgL-1) + NAA (0.25 mgL-1) and TDZ (1.0 mgL-1) + NAA (0.50 mgL-1) media. Looking at the other varieties, the highest number of shoots, 1.6 shoots per explant, was obtained from the TDZ (2.0 mgL-1) + NAA (0.25 mgL-1) medium in Hasanbey and Hacıhaliloğlu varieties. As a result of the findings, the Kabaaşı variety showed the best result in terms of the regeneration capacity of apricot varieties. In contrast the best regeneration medium was obtained from the combinations of TDZ and NAA.