Catla (Catla catla) steaks treated with sodium benzoate (SB) 0.5-2 % packed under aerobic (AP) and vacuum packaging (VP) were evaluated for biochemical, microbiological and sensory quality changes during chilled storage conditions for 27 days. The results were plotted against time, determining best fit order with corresponding regression equation to predict and compare with experimental findings. The formation of volatile amines (TVB-N) was low in samples treated with SB under VP, while no significant difference was observed in pH values. Peroxide value and salt soluble nitrogen values were significantly influenced under VP and SB treatment. Total plate count values significantly increased in all samples, but were within the maximum permissible limits. E. coli, S. aureus and Salmonella were not detected in the samples during storage. Zero order kinetics exhibited best fit for changes in biochemical and microbiological quality. Sensory evaluation scores had high correlation with storage period and low relative error (P0) for control samples under AP and VP. Therefore, combination of SB at 2.0% and VP can be used effectively as an intervention for the preservation of chilled stored Catla steaks.

This study was carried out in order to reveal the situation of aquarium sales enterprises in Elazig and to determine their problems. In the study, a total of 14 enterprises (aquarist) were asked questions by the survey method. It has been determined that a significant part of the existing enterprises is located in the center of Elazig (93%), all of them continue to operate as tenants and their operating periods are over 5 years. It has been noted that 86% of the personnel working in the enterprises are male and 14% are female. It was determined that the most sold fish species in the research area were 2 fish species belonging to 2 families. It has been observed that one of the important problems in aquarium businesses is fish diseases. It has been determined that 93% of the fish sales of the Covid-19 pandemic period were negatively affected and 7% were positively affected.

Compost is usually made of biodegradable wastes. Today, compost, bio-agent bacteria and mycorrhizae are used as the key components of sustainable agriculture. This study was conducted to determine the effects of compost treatments alone and combined with bacteria, mycorrhiza and commercial fertilizers on growth, flower and bulb quality parameters of the ‘Jan van Nes’ tulip cultivar. Compost was made of grape pomace and set at different EC levels. Three different compost ratios (0%, 20% and 40%), three different EC levels (0.75, 1.10, and 1.45 dS/m) and combinations with or without bacteria and mycorrhizae were experimented. Flower stalk length, perianth length and vase life were identified as the most striking parameters for growth and flowering of tulip plants. The best outcomes in terms of flower stem length (34.20 cm), perianth length (44.85 mm) and vase life (7.00 days) were obtained from 0% compost treatments. Increasing compost ratios had adverse effects on plant growth and bacteria and mycorrhizae treatments alone did not provide any significant effects. However, combining with different compost ratios increased the effectiveness of bacteria and mycorrhiza. EC of 0.75 yielded better results than the other EC levels.

Tahini is a food product that is frequently preferred both directly and as a main ingredient in various ready-to-eat food products and is consumed with interest, especially in the Middle East geography. Its reputation has recently spread across continents to countries like Canada and the United States of America. Tahini was subjected to a number of analyses to ascertain its physicochemical and microbiological quality within the context of the study since it is a highly consumed product with high consumption and demand values. In this context, tahini samples of 10 different brands were collected from producers and commercially sold markets in Balikesir and Bursa. Samples were taken from two different lot numbers for each company. As a result of the analyzes made on the tahini samples, it was determined that the total oil amount of the samples changed between 49.76-58.7%, the salt amount changed between 0.001-0.0027%, the ash amount was between 1.02%-1.28%, and the moisture value was between 1.1-1.5%; as a result of microbiological cultivations in which the presence of yeast and mold were analyzed, an average of 75 CFU/g viability was determined, while Escherichia coli, which was screened as an indicator of fecal contamination, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp, which are pathogenic microorganisms, were not found to be contaminated in all tahini samples. One of the tahini samples was not found in accordance with the Turkish Food Codex Tahini Communiqué (TFC) in terms of the amount of oil. It is concluded that 90% of the samples were manufactured in line with the TFC when the results of the chemical and microbiological analyses were combined.

In this study, the project studio, which is the foundation of interior design education, has been designed using the metaphor method, one of the intellectual methods applied in education. The metaphor method is a technique used to make difficult-to-understand abstract concepts concrete and helps design students develop their critical thinking and creative skills. In this case, design, which is the verbalized form of abstract thought, is limited to an object and the responsibilities brought by this object. From this point of view, an experimental study of metaphorical methods for establishing spatial relations of objects was carried out in a 14-week design studio with the 2nd year students of the Department of Interior Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Selcuk University. The purpose of the studio work is to draw the boundaries of interior architecture students in their search for solutions to design problems, and to enable them to come up with creative designs while making functional and formal decisions. In this context, a metaphorical approach was used in the context of object-space relations to guide students’ formal decisions in the functional solutions of the problems that arise in the interior design process. After working in the studio, the students have developed a working doctrine that will guide their interior design studio projects using the designed method, allow them to create unique forms and shapes, enable them to translate abstract ideas into concrete space and make it possible for them to design at various scales, from equipment to space design. The method is at a level that will set an example for students, designers and academicians working in the design discipline.

Eight-year-old Abies fraseri seedlings were grown under different irrigation regimes to determine how drought stress might affect the seedlings in terms of gas exchange parameters. In this study, net photosynthesis (Anet), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 (Ci), Ci to ambient CO2 (Ca) concentration ratio (Ci/Ca), intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured on August 11 and 27. Irrigation and measurement time were statistically significant on all gas exchange parameters except WUE for irrigation and measurement time and Anet for measurement time. E and gs were significant under the irrigation and measurement time interactions. In this study, increasing irrigation generally decreased Anet, and gs, while increased E, iWUE, and Ci/Ca. On August 27, A. fraseri had higher Anet, gs, E, Ci, Ci/Ca, and lower iWUE values than August 11. However, there was a robust positive correlation between gs and Anet, while a negative correlation between gs and iWUE in A. fraseri seedlings. In general, prolonged water deficiency leads plants to decrease Anet, gs, and E while iWUE increases, contrary to the current study. A well-developed and deeper root system, especially in plants under less or no-irrigation regimes, may alleviate drought stress effects in the long run and provide an advantage in leaf gas exchange parameters. In addition, the fact that soil moisture did not differ much between treatments, although irrigation levels were different, may explain the similar behavior among individuals measured in terms of gas exchange parameters.

This study was performed to determine the genotype and allele frequencies and the association between the leptin gene Sau3AI polymorphism and some performance traits in Simmental (n=60) and Brown Swiss (n=62) cattle in the province of Erzurum, Türkiye. Considering the allele frequencies in the population, the frequency of the A allele was 0.87 and the frequency of the B allele was 0.13 in Simmental cattle, and the frequency of the A allele was 0.94 and the frequency of the B allele was 0.06 in Brown Swiss cattle. According to the analysis conducted in the Simmental breed, the general averages were found to be 5422.4 ± 1901.74 kg for actual milk yield, 5626.6 ± 1475.85 kg for 305-day milk yield, 298.7 ± 84.80 days for lactation duration, and 18.5 ± 4.84 kg for daily milk yield. As a result of the analysis in the Brown Swiss breed, the general averages were 3917.8 ± 1584.38 kg for actual milk yield, 4614.3 ± 982.62 kg for 305-day milk yield, 254.9 ± 99.88 days for lactation duration, and 16.0 ± 3.82 kg for daily milk yield. According to the statistical analysis results, the impact of genotype on milk yield traits was insignificant in Simmental and Brown Swiss cattle.

Cutting reproduction is the cheapest and most practical method for plants capable of clonal regeneration. However, the difficulties in adventitious root formation in black mulberry cuttings create a disadvantage for mulberry growers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of IBA and Paclobutrazol applications on the rooting ability of black mulberry hardwood cuttings. The experiment was carried out in the polyethylene greenhouse of Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Agricultural Research and Application Center in February 2022. As a material, hardwood cuttings prepared from one-year-old branches of breeding black mulberry trees within the body of the directorate were used. The study was set up in a randomized plot design with 3 replications and 15 cuttings in each replication. In the study, pure water as a control group, 6000 ppm IBA and doses of 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm Paclobutrazol respectively were applied to black mulberry wood cuttings separately and together. After the application, the cuttings were planted in perlite medium. The cuttings were kept in the rooting medium for 90 days and then removed; rooting rate, root number, root length and root diameter values were recorded. As a result of the study, the effect of the applications on the root number of the cuttings was not observed while the rooting rate, root length and root diameter parameters were observed. In terms of rooting rate, the best result was obtained from IBA+PBZ 1000 application (40.00%) compared to the control group (0.0%). The highest root length was determined in IBA 6000 application, and the thickest root diameter values were determined in PBZ 1000 application.

A comparative study between natural and synthetic environments is carried out by realizing six fermentation experiments in batch culture. The objective of this study is to consider the effect of carbon sources on growth and the production of glutamic acid by Corynebacterium glutamicum 2262. The difference between the culture media lies in the carbon source. Two natural environments of date juice, one of which is treated with invertase to hydrolyse sucrose with a concentration of total sugars of 88 g/L. Four synthetic media with a concentration of 34 g/L sugars: medium containing mixed sugars (glucose + fructose + sucrose) with rates proportional to that of date juice, the other three media are composed of a single sugar (either glucose, fructose, or sucrose). The results showed that Corynebacterium glutamicum is able to use the three sugars whether they are single or mixed, although the best results of glutamate production (8.41 g/L) are obtained on the mixture of three sugars, which explains the interest and valorisation of date waste. On the other hand, the date juice-based media are shown to have a glutamate concentration of 7.98 g/L during the hydrolysis of sucrose of date juice.

The main purpose of Agricultural Credit Cooperatives is to meet the credit needs of their partners. In addition to this purpose, meeting the input and home consumption requirements of the partners and marketing the various products grown by the partners are among the objectives. The ability of these cooperatives to perform the expected functions more effectively is directly related to the participation of their members in their activities, and the determination of their expectations and suggestions. For this reason, in this study, it is aimed to determine and comparatively evaluate the expectations and satisfaction of its members regarding the functions and activities of Agricultural Credit Cooperatives. The primary data used in the study were compiled by a survey study conducted with 93 randomly selected partners from 3 Agricultural Credit unit cooperatives in Trabzon. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used to statistically test the extent to which the expectations of the partners were met. Most of the surveyed partners care about the attitudes and behavior of the cooperatives towards their members, their following the innovations, their activities on issues such as agricultural input supply, input quality, price policy and extension. The partners generally find Agricultural Credit Cooperatives successful in their activities. However, when a comparative analysis is made with the expectations, it is concluded that the expectations are not fully satisfied.