This study was conducted to identify the current problems of cereal crops like wheat and corn producers and to suggest solutions for overcoming those problems in Amik Plain (Antakya, Kirikhan, Kumlu, Reyhanli districts) in Hatay province of Turkey. In this study, the primary data was obtained by face-to-face survey from 100 cereal producers in Amik plain. All variables are given as frequency and percentage distribution, and numerical variables as mean. The survey assessed the level of education of grain producers, the number of individuals in the farm, record keeping, social security, crops (wheat and corn) growing area, yield, sowing and harvest date ranges, property and leasehold land use, cultural practices and grain production. The data were analysed using simple statistical analysis methods (frequency, averages, percentage distribution). The results indicated that about 50% of the cereal producers had higher educational degree. It was determined that producers had an average of 12.3 ha of wheat and 15 ha of corn cultivated area. Moreover, cereal production is well known as one of the cultural practices in the study area. The main problem of grain producers is that the low cereal prices. In addition, the Turkish Grain Board (TMO) does not purchase the production at the time of harvesting. Moreover, high production costs and corn irrigation are considered other problems that cereal producers are facing.

Tourism industry is one of the primary sectors that contribute to economic growth of countries worldwide. Since it requires appropriate weather conditions and clean environment, climate changes can significantly affect the sector. Therefore, this study examines the causality and long-run relationship between the climate change and tourism sector in Turkey. To estimate the potential long-run relationship between variables, Granger-Causality test is applied to data from 1960 to 2016. The study uses World Development Indicator Data released by World Bank. For the analysis, carbon-dioxide emission, methane emission, energy use (oil equivalent), and forest land are standing for climate change indicators. International tourist arrivals and tourism revenues represent for tourism sector’s variables. The findings show that there is a negative and significant coefficient of climate change on tourism sector. Also, in average, climatic change indicators have unidirectional and negative impact on international tourism revenue. Another finding is that climate change deteriorates to environment by augmenting carbon dioxide emission and methane emission. As a result, climatic change can weaken the tourism industry which can decrease the speed of Turkey’s economic development. In the long run, this research can pioneer assessing the economic and environmental impacts of climate change in the tourism sector bases.

This study analyses implication of COVID- 19 pandemics in the agricultural sector of Turkey. In the study taken measures in the sector are considered. The focus of the paper is twofold. The first objective is to take a glance at COVID 19, how it started, and how affected sectors or businesses. This aim supported by the literature review which is getting a shape recently, on the grounds founded papers were limited. It can be seen that generally all countries suffered from the same problems apart from the countries sectors have problems in common. Lastly, we tried to focus on the agricultural sector especially in Turkey and we presented precautions taken agricultural sector in Turkey. In addition to this to the objective, we tried to synthesize all our findings and present suggestions in case this process prolonged. The originality of the paper comes from it is the first study that draws a general outline for Turkey’s agricultural sector considering the pandemic.

Proteins consumed by poultry turns into ammonia as a result of microbial activities depending on the pH, temperature, moisture content of the litter, litter type, manure condition, relative humidity and ventilation condition and spreads to the environment as ammonia gas. Ammonia gas, which is one of the problems caused by poultry breeding, is a harmful gas in terms of animal welfare, health of employees and its effects on the environment. In this article, ammonia gas emission in poultry and practices to reduce this emission have been discussed and recommendations have been made.

This research was conducted between 2011 and 2015 at research field of Faculty of Agriculture, Eskişehir Osmangazi University for evaluating two tillage methods (conventional and reduced), three crop rotations (wheat-wheat; wheat-fallow; wheat-chickpea) and four N levels (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha-1). The experimental design was split-split plot with three replicates. Tillage methods were in main plots, crop rotations in subplots and N levels in sub-sub plots. The N concentration of grain and straw harvested from aboveground plant organs was separately determined using by the Kjeldahl digestion method after the plant samples were ground. Then, grain protein content, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUPE), nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUTE) were calculated. According to results, effects of tillage methods on NUE were unclear. Conventional tillage methods resulted in higher NUPE than reduced tillage in the last three years of the experiment. The NUTE was higher in reduced tillage than conventional in 2011-2012 and 2014-2015. The effects of tillage methods on grain yield were different due to the climatic conditions. Wheat-chickpea rotation had the better results for examined traits in this research. Increasing nitrogen doses increased grain and plant protein rate, however it decreased NUE and NUPE. The effects of nitrogen doses on NUTE were ambiguous. Nitrogen use efficiency and NUPE is traits that can be differed according to changeable grain yield depend on environmental conditions. Therefore, the experiments should be conducted for more than four years for revealed absolute effects both soil tillage method and nitrogen fertilization.

This research was conducted for 42 days, in order to determine the effects of fluctuate lighting program on production and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. 300 day old Ross 308 chicks were used. Chicks were randomly distributed to 2 lighting groups which were normal lighting (control) and fluctuate lighting, and each group was divided in to 3 replicates containing 50 chicks. For both groups lighting was arranged as 23 hours of lighting versus 1 hour of dimming. Control group was subjected to constant lighting of 20 lux/m2 for the days 0-21, and 5 lux/m2 for the days 22-42; while in the fluctuate lighting group was subjected to lighting of 5 lux/m2 for 45 minutes and additional 20 lux/m2 for 15 minutes every hour. There were no differences of final body weight, weekly body weight gain, cumulative feed intake, cumulative feed conversion ratio, viability, foot and leg problems, hot and cool carcass weight, thigh weight, breast weight, wing weight, back weight, liver or heart weights. However, there were statistically significant differences of gizzard weight and abdominal fat weight between two groups. In conclusion, gizzard and abdominal fat weights of broilers subjected to fluctuate lighting are less than control. This suggests that fluctuate lighting can be used to lower abdominal fat which is an important problem in broilers.

The chemical composition of essential oil, which is isolated by hydrodistillation of aerial parts of Thymus zygioides growing wild in Turkey, have been determined by GC and GC/MS. Essential oil yield on a dry weight basis of aerial parts from T. zygioides was 0.45%. A total of twenty two constituents were identified by GC-MS analyses, the main components representing 92.3% the oil was identified as limonene (24.11%), cis-linalool oxide (22.91%), eucalyptol (8.65%). 3-octonol (7.04%), nerol (4.47%) geranyl acetate (3.19%), carvacrol (2.74%), linalyl propanoate (2.95%) and sabinene (2.23%). The essential oil of T. zygioides was characterized by its high content of limonene (24.11%).

Honey is the most known and consumed bee product by consumers. Therefore, from the past to the present, the investigation of the factors affecting the supply and consumption of honey has been on the agenda of the researchers. For this purpose, in our survey study, the effects of honey sales carried out via television channels (commercials) on consumers were investigated. According to the survey results, it was determined that 87.91% of consumers had a negative view about honey sales performed via television, 3.54% had a positive opinion, and 8.55% had no opinion on the issue. It was found that 5.83% of consumers bought honey through television commercials, and the education, income, gender and number of individuals in their households have an effect on the tendency to buy honey. Regarding the exposing of companies selling fake or adulterated honey by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, results showed that this situation positively affected 54.53 of consumers in terms of trust in honey positively, affected 13.30% of consumers negatively, and did not affect 13.30% of consumers in any way. As a result, deceptive honey commercials lead to consumer abuse and create an environment of distrust of honey. In order to minimize speculation on honey, it is seen necessary to increase deterrent penalties for businesses that lead to unfair competition.

It was carried out in Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Education, Research and Application Farm experiment fields in 2017. The aim of the study is determinate the effects of mung bean genotypes grown as second crops on forage yield, quality and mineral content. 02 G 06 and 70 S 01 mung bean genotypes were used as seed material in the study. The study was conducted to completely randomized block design in the factorial design with three replications. It was examined plant height, dry weight, ADF, NDF, ADL, TDN, hemicellulose, cellulose, relative feed value, metabolic energy properties and Mg, K, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn contents in the study. According to obtained data, it was varied between plant height 6.45-53.78 cm, dry material ratio 18.42-23.82%, ADF content 15.21-20.99%, NDF content 30.99-39.87%, ADL content 4.39-7.0%, TDN 66.61-70.95%, hemicellulose 13.81-24.66%, cellulose 8.21-14.35%, relative feed value 179.8-228.9, metabolic energy 10.33-11.10 MJ kg-1, Mg content 0.34-0.46%, K content 2.39-3.41%, Ca content 2.39-2.84%, P content 0.30-0.38%, Fe content 202.67-586.0 ppm, Cu content 7.67-11.50 ppm, Mn content 121.75-245.0 ppm and Zn content 29.0-38.17 ppm. As a result, it is thought that mung beans can be grown as a second product after the grain harvest and be a quality forage.

Tokat, which is located between the Black Sea Region and the Central Anatolia Region and has a transition climate, is one of the provinces with high agricultural potential. This potential also provides important advantages in terms of vegetable agriculture. In Tokat, where the vegetable cultivation dates back to many years, many types of vegetables can be grown. While the farmers engaged in vegetable cultivation until the beginning of the 2000s were satisfied with their situation, in the last 15 years, growers have started to turn to alternative products due to the decrease in quality, productivity and profitability. There are significant difficulties and decreases in competitiveness of vegetable farming in the field and greenhouse cultivation. In the study, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of vegetable cultivation of Tokat were analysed. Solutions for the improvement of vegetable cultivation have been discussed by making determinations.