The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in economic growth, employment, and food security. Although E7 countries (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey) hold a significant share in global agricultural production, there is limited literature on the determinants of agricultural value added. This study aims to analyze the key economic factors affecting agricultural value added in E7 countries and assess the effectiveness of agricultural policies. The study covers the period 2001-2022 and employs the Panel ARDL method to examine long-term relationships. The findings indicate that the proportion of agricultural land and agricultural employment positively impact agricultural value added, whereas government expenditures may have a negative effect. Governments intervene in the agricultural sector through both direct and indirect measures. It can be suggested that direct income support policies for farmers may have the potential to increase dependency rather than enhance productivity. Although a detailed distinction regarding the implementation of direct payments during the analyzed period could not be made, the impact of government support is likely to vary depending on the type and implementation of the assistance provided. The results emphasize the need for more effective planning of agricultural support mechanisms. Redirecting public expenditures towards infrastructure investments, agricultural technology adoption, and rural development projects could enhance the sector’s long-term sustainability. Additionally, improving the transparency and measurability of support policies may increase their effectiveness and strengthen agricultural productivity. Policymakers should conduct a more detailed analysis of the effects of different support mechanisms to develop appropriate intervention strategies.

A study conducted in Phalelung rural municipality, Panchthar, Nepal, in 2023 examined agricultural practices and the economic analysis of large cardamom. A total of 60 households were randomly selected, and data were collected through primary and secondary sources using surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observations to assess the large cardamom economy, package of practices and various challenges faced by farmers. The study revealed that 28% of farmers grew the Ramsai cultivar, with over 82% having access to irrigation. Most farmers (77%) managed shade well and maintained their orchards effectively. However, only 50% used specialized harvesting tools, and 63% employed improved kiln (bhatti), though more education is needed. 68% of farmers received subsidies for constructing improved kiln (bhatti). Notably, 70% of farmers lacked knowledge about cardamom grading, and 90% were unaware of value-added practices. Farmers predominantly used jute bags for packaging. Major issues identified included plant wilt, furkey, rhizome rot, and stem borer infestations. The total production cost was NPR. 114,460.5 per hectare, with a BC ratio of 1.54.  Having high market value, large cardamom provides promising opportunity to uplift the economic and social condition of farmers and stakeholders. This study provides an overview of the status of large cardamom production, processing practices, best cultivation practices to be adopted, disease pest incidence on large cardamom, storage, grading with various cultural practices to be adopted and feasibility of large cardamom cultivation area. This study would help both governmental and non- governmental agencies to make effective plans for large cardamom cultivation to meet Phyto-Sanitary status and minimum requirements to enter export and import system of cardamom in global market.

Bu çalışmada, Samsun ili 19 Mayıs ilçesinde çalışma hayatında yer alan kadınların dondurulmuş besin tüketim alışkanlıklarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, 200 çalışan kadın birey ile yapılmıştır. Aktif olarak çalışan ve araştırmaya katılmaya gönüllü olan bireyler çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Bireylerin vücut ağırlığı ve boy uzunluğu ölçülmüştür. Bireylerin vücut ağırlığı ve boy uzunluğu kullanılarak beden kütle indeksi (BKİ) hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarında, bireylerin %76,0’sı dondurulmuş besin tüketirken %24,0’ü tüketmemektedir. Dondurulmuş besin gruplarından sırasıyla et ve et ürünleri, meyve ve sebze, hamur işleri daha fazla tüketilmektedir. Bireylerin dondurulmuş besin satın alma nedenleri, %41,4’nün zamandan tasarruf, %48,0’nin hazırlama kolaylığından, %6,6’nın reklamlardan etkilendiği, %18,4’nün mevsimsel farklılıktan satın aldıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Bireylerin satın almama nedenleri incelendiğinde, %25,0’i fiyatını yüksek bulmakta, %33,3’ü sağlıklı olduğuna inanmakta, %33,3’ü taze olmadığı ifade etmekte ve %4,2’i ise doyurucu olmadığını düşünmektedir. Tüketim şekli incelendiğinde, %61,8’i yardımcı yemek olarak, %42,8’i aperatif olarak, %17,1’i ana yemek olarak tükettiklerini belirtmişlerdir. Aile bireyleri içerisinde 15-30 yaş aralığında bireyler dondurulmuş besini en fazla tüketmektedir. Araştırmaya katılan bireylerin dondurulmuş besin tüketip tüketmeme durumuna göre yaş, medeni durum, eğitimleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmuştur. Genel olarak dondurulmuş besinler, çalışan bireyler ve aileler için kolaylık, beslenme ve lezzet arasında bir denge sunan kullanışlı ve pratik bir seçenek olabilir. Ancak dondurulmuş besinlerin güvenli etiketlemeye, depolama koşullarına, tüketim miktarına ve şekline de dikkat etmek gerekmektedir.

Examining agricultural exports from the specific perspective of the Turkish economy is essential, as it facilitates the development of foreign trade policies, strengthens the agricultural sector, enhances global market competitiveness, and optimizes productivity. This study employs multiple regression analysis to assess the impact of exchange rate volatility and inflation on Türkiye's agricultural exports from 2016 to 2023. The results indicate that these two variables have a moderate effect on the value of Türkiye’s agricultural exports. Additionally, the analysis highlights that exchange rate volatility and inflation rates significantly affect these exports. Particularly, the positive impact of exchange rate volatility on exports suggests that firms may benefit from increasing their export share.

Ülkemizde geniş bir alanda yayılış gösteren Hypericum perforatum L. (sarı kantaron) bitkisi halk arasında soğuk algınlığı, depresyon, safra rahatsızlıkları, mesane irritasyonları, migren ağrıları ve yanık gibi pek çok hastalığın tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; eczane (numune 1) ve aktardan (numune 2) temin edilen iki ayrı sarı kantaron yağının, tirozinaz ve kollajenaz inhibitör potansiyellerini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Deneyler kolorimetrik ölçüme dayanan enzim reaksiyonları üzerinden gerçekleştirilmiştir. Her iki numune de tüm deneylerde 20 µg/mL konsantrasyonda çalışılmıştır. Numune 1’in (%18,3±0,15 inhibisyon), numune 2’ye (%4,1±0,28 inhibisyon) kıyasla daha yüksek kollajenaz enzim inhibisyonu sağladığı ve yine numune 1’in (%15,1±0,24 inhibisyon) numune 2’ye (%3,7±0,19 inhibisyon) kıyasla daha yüksek tirozinaz enzim inhibisyonu sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda; sarı kantaron yağının kollajenaz ve tirozinaz enzimlerini inhibe ettiği, eczane kaynaklı sarı kantaron yağının aktar kaynaklı sarı kantaron yağına oranla daha yüksek inhibisyon gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu durumun, üreticinin bitkiyi doğru zamanda toplaması, uygun şekilde kurutması ve doğru maserasyon yöntemiyle yağ üretmesi sonucunda ortaya çıktığı; bu sayede içerisindeki biyoaktif bileşenlerin yoğunluğunun artarak aktivitenin yükselmesine katkıda bulunmuş olabileceği şeklinde yorumlanabilir.

Alpinia officinarum, which attracts attention with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, is used in traditional medicine, especially to relieve stomach and digestive system disorders. Although many studies have revealed the various pharmacological effects of Alpinia officinarum, the effect of different ionic solvents on its biological activities has yet to be investigated. In this study, the effects of homogenization of Alpinia officinarum roots with potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), and phosphate (PBS) buffer solutions on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the plant were investigated. Alpinia officinarum plant was collected from the Adana region during the season, and fresh root parts were separated and analyzed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of plant homogenates prepared with KCl, NaCl, and PBS were determined by spectrophotometric analysis. The highest MPO and CAT enzyme activities were observed in the KCl solution, while lower levels were observed in NaCl and PBS solutions, respectively. The highest MDA level was observed in the PBS solution. Moreover, SOD enzyme activity showed a decreasing trend in NaCl, KCl, and PBS solutions, respectively. These findings suggest that the biological activity of plant extracts may vary depending on the solvent used. Determination of the conditions under which the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Alpinia officinarum in different ionic solvents are the highest supports increasing the bioavailability of the plant.

Promoting rooftop farming using suitable grow bag media is of utmost importance in densely populated cities like Lalitpur to sustain the human race. To assess the productivity and other economic characteristics of bell peppers, an experiment was conducted from Feb 2022 to Jun 2022 in different grow bag media on the premises of Vegetable Crop Development Centre, Khumaltar, Lalitpur. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with four replications and five treatments with growing media: Coco peat: vermicompost (1:1), Soil: sand: FYM (Farmyard Manure) (1:1:1), Soil: Sand: FYM: Vermicompost (1.25:0.75:0.5:0.5), Soil: vermicompost (1:1), and Soil: ash: FYM (1:0.5:1) on the cultivar California Wonder. Growth parameters like plant height (47.865 cm), number of leaves (50.6), number of branches/plant (9.5), and stem diameter, and yield parameters like total fruit weight (1693.93 gm), average fruit weight (84.68 gm), number of fruits (42.75), fruit diameter (6.37 cm), and fruit length (7.22 cm) were observed during the experiment. The media consisting of T3 (Soil: Sand: FYM: Vermicompost (1.25:0.75:0.5:0.5)) proved to be statistically superior over the rest of the combinations for almost all aspects under investigation, whereas comparatively poor performance was observed in Coco peat: vermicompost (1:1) media. This study suggests that the grow bag media of Soil: Sand: FYM: vermicompost (1.25:0.75:0.5:0.5) gave the highest gross return and net return, with the highest B: C ratio (2.08) observed in the grow bag media of Soil: Sand: FYM (1:1:1).