In this study, the quality criteria and sensory properties of olive oil samples of Saurani, Karamani and Halhali olive varieties collected in 3 different harvest times from Hatay province were investigated depending on the variety and harvest time. For this purpose, in olives; oil yield and ripening index, in the obtained olive oils; free fatty acids, peroxide number, UV specific absorbance and sensory properties were determined. The oil content of olives ranges between 23.77-34.77% and the highest oil yield was determined in the olive variety, Karamani (3rd maturity). In olive oils, free fatty acids were found in the range of 0.33-1.02% (oleic acid), K232 values ranging between 0.33-0.88, K270 values ranging between 0.004-0.177 and peroxide numbers between 2.47-8.40 meq O2/kg. The total phenolic content values of olive oils vary between 156.78-584.25 mg GAE/kg, and the highest phenolic content was determined during the first harvest of the Halhali variety. It was determined that the amount of phenolic content of the cultivars decreased with maturity. In the sensory analysis of olive oil samples, fruitiness was determined as greater than 0 by all panelists. The median of fruitiness in olive oil samples ranged from 3.62 to 5.88, and the median of fruitiness decreased with maturity in all varieties. The median of bitterness ranged from 2.62-5.23 and decreased with maturity. The pungency median varied in the range of 3.12-5.34, and pungency was reduced with maturity. The median of fruitiness, bitterness and pungency of Halhali olive oil was determined the highest.

Goose meat has always had a gastronomic value for both international and Turkish cuisines. The aim of the present study is to introduce the goose meat dishes that belongs to local Anatolian cuisines, to contribute to the recognition of the traditions of goose meat dishes, to record the goose meat dishes as a gastronomic value and to transfer these values to the next generations. According to the results of the present review there is not enough recordings for traditional goose meat dishes and goose meat is not commonly used in restaurant menus. Also, despite the presence of local traditions in which goose meat is at the center, whether these customs and activities are adequately promoted or not well announced. As a result, these problems should be examined in a wide range from breeding to marketing, and after solving the problems in goose breeding and eliminating technical deficiencies, it is recommended to carry out tourism activities to increase the recognition of the goose meat, which has an important gastronomic value for Turkish cuisine.

The objective of this study was to find out the effects of torque rise on lugging ability of tractors. In British terminology, torque rise refers to torque back-up or torque reserve. Torque rise is the amount of torque that the engine can produce above the manufacturers rated amount of torque. It is the percent increase in torque, from rated torque to peak torque. In order to meet the above objective, two tractor reports issued by Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory were used. Powertrain schemas obtained from three different tractor manufacturers were used and the total transmission ratios from these schemas were calculated. The effect of torque rise on lugging ability of the two tractors with four different gear boxes was studied. From the study, it was concluded that higher torque rise enables the tractor to run in a wide range of torque and the gear box to be chosen should be such that it can match with the engine.

Row planting is one of the technologies introduced in Ethiopia to improve production and productivity of the major crops. However, the rate of adopting the technology decline from time to time. Thus, this study aims to identify factors affecting adoption level and intensity use of Teff row planting technology in the selected districts of North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. Multi-stage random sampling techniques were used to select 400 respondents. Adoption index, independent sample mean t-test, chi-square test and double hurdle model were used for data analysis. The results of adoption index reveals that among 400 sample households, 79.8% was non-adopter while 20.2% were adopter of Teff row planting technology. A total of 10 variables were hypothesized to affect the adoption level and intensity use of Teff row planting technology in the study area. Among these, 6 variables had significant effect on adoption level of Teff row planting technology while 4 variables had significant effect on the intensity use of Teff row planting technology. Accordingly, the experience of household in Teff production, education level of household head, family size, extension contact, credit utilization and demonstration site visit had positive and significant effect on the adoption level of Teff row planting technology adoption at 1, 1, 5, 1, 1 and 1% significance level respectively. Moreover, family size, education level of household head, frequency of extension contacts and demonstration site visit had positive and significant effect on the intensity use of Teff row planting technology at 10, 1, 1 and 1% significant level respectively. Hence, in order to increase the households’ adoption level and intensity use of Teff row planting technology in the study area, strengthening the extension services, improving the education level of the households, strengthening the credit services and expanding the demonstration site should be the focus area of the policy makers.

Nowadays, consumer demand for healthy and natural food is reflected in the meat industry and researches and investments on this issue have gained speed. Nitrite is a widely used synthetic additive in meat products due to its contribution to the development of characteristic color and flavor, controls lipid oxidation and has an antimicrobial effect on pathogenic microorganisms, especially Clostridium botulinum. However, the fact that nitrite causes the formation of toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic N-nitrosamine compounds and constitutes a risk to human health has led to the searches for alternative additives. An important part of the studies on this subject consists of testing the use of natural additives as an alternative to nitrite. In recent years, instead of using nitrate and nitrite in meat products, studies have been carried out to use organic acids and microbial resources. In addition to these methods, up-to-date technology applications such as high pressure, irradiation, encapsulation, active packaging containing nitrite, zinc protoporphyrin IX compound formation and cold plasma technology constitute other research areas that we encounter in reducing the nitrite rate in meat products. Within the scope of this review, the functions of nitrite in cured meat products, current potential methods for reducing nitrite content and the limitations of transferring these methods to industry were examined.

In recent years the number of phytoplasma diseases that negatively affect yield and quality of many plants has been increasing around the world. As is known grafting, plant propagation materials (seed, bulb, tuber), parasitic plants and insect vectors play active role in the spread of phytoplasmas causing these diseases. These organasim which get through plate in the sieve tube element and systemically colonize the plant, it invade and multiply salivary glands, midgut, heomocel, brain and fat tissue after sucking up insect body with stylet. Subsequently they continue the cycle by moving to a new plant with a diseased insect feeding on a healthy plant. Although the existence of functional genomics in this cycle is known, there is little information about transmission of phytoplasma from vector to host plant or from host plant to vector, the mechanism of disease caused by phytoplasma in the plant and genomics involved in different reactions in the host plant against phytoplasmal infection.

With the increase in the world population and the continuous development of technology, energy demands continue to increase. In general, the global energy needs are met by fossil sourced fuels. Depleting nature of fossil energy sources, their negative impacts on environment, increasing energy demands have led the efficient use of energy sources and the shift to local and renewable energy resources. Biogas is a renewable energy resource. Since organic wastes are used in biogas production, biogas offers a significant way of elimination of wastes and a source of energy. Animal wastes are the primary source of biogas. In this study, it is aimed to determine the biogas potential of Tokat province from animal wastes. Depending on this purpose, the amount of waste and biogas that can be obtained from animal waste and the energy potential that can be produced have been revealed by using the current data of the Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry. Energy equivalents of the biogas that can be obtained were also calculated. According to 2021 data, there are 303.952 cattle, 511.457 sheep and 247.333 poultry in Tokat province. Annually, 245.988 tons solid animal waste are obtained in Tokat province. In this study, conducted with the 2021 data of Tokat province, the amount of biogas that can be produced from animal wastes was calculated as 49 million m3/year. Districts with the greatest biogas potential are Merkez, Turhal and Zile respectively in 2021. The energy equivalent of biogas produced has been calculated as 292.000 MWh/year

As a part of prospecting bioactive molecules from natural resources, the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of extracts of leaves and berries oilcake of Pistacia lentiscus L., collected from two sites (Mechat and Bordj-Ali) in the northeast region of Algeria, were investigated. Dried leaves and berries oilcake obtained after removing the oily part by mean of Soxhlet apparatus were macerated in methanol in order to recover their respective active extracts. The phytochemical content analysis showed that lentisk leaves of both sites were relatively rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, flavonols and proanthocyanidins. The phytochemical content of berries oilcake extract was lower than that of leaves, yet, samples of Bordj-Ali displayed higher values for all assayed phytochemicals compared to those of Mechat. The P. lentiscus leaves extract exhibited a strong radical-scavenging activity (IC50 = 10.46 µg/mL) against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and a substantial inhibitory activity against H2O2 free radicals (20.23 - 25.92%). Furthermore, these extracts displayed a very strong reducing power (EC50 = 28.08 µg/mL) and total antioxidant capacity (104.07 - 159.39 mg EAA/g DW). The observed results correlated positively with total phytochemical content strongly plead in favor of valorization of this wild plant as a potential natural source of active biomolecules for food, cosmetics, and medicinal industry sectors.

Global climate change, the effect of which has been increasingly felt in the last ten years, has made itself felt more in many regions in Turkey, especially in 2020 and 2021, and a serious temperature increase, floods and forest fires have been seen. Climate change affects the most vulnerable agricultural production. Since the adaptation of farmers to climate change is important in terms of food prices and sustainability of agricultural production, it is important to identify the barriers to adaptation of farmers to climate change. The aim of this research is to investigate the barriers to the adaptation to climate change of wheat producing farmers in Çorum province, where wheat is produced on 37% of the total agricultural land. In order to achieve this aim, 424 farmers were interviewed and their climate change 'understanding', 'perceptions', 'attitudes' and climate change adaptation 'barriers' were examined. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the farmers perceive climate change as "drying of water resources" and “increase in drought”, and they have an attitude that "we should strive together to adapt to the changing climate" rather than an individual struggle. In addition to these, it has been determined that “climate change is perceived as a serious problem” by the farmers and as a result of all these, the lack of “access to water resources” is the most important obstacle in adapting to climate change. In order to accelerate the adaptation of farmers to climate change, to protect them against the negative effects of climate change and to make local adaptation strategic plans, politicians, non-governmental organizations, public, private sector, universities, national and international organizations have important duties.

Hayvancılık sektörü, antropojenik sera gazı emisyonlarına katkıda bulunarak iklim değişikliğinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle ruminant hayvanlarının üretim sistemlerinde sera gazı salınımının azaltılmasına yönelik çalışmalar küresel çapta büyük ilgi görmektedir. Metan gazı selüloz, hemiselüloz, pektin ve nişasta gibi hidrolize olmuş karbonhidratların rumende mikrobiyal fermantasyona uğraması sonucunda oluşmaktadır. Ruminantlar küresel sera gazı emisyonlarının yaklaşık %16’sına, küresel antropojenik metan emisyonlarının da %33’üne katkıda bulunmaktadır. Atmosferdeki metanın yarılanma ömrünün 12,4 yıl olduğu tahmin edilmekte olup radyoaktif etkisi ve küresel ısınma potansiyeli dikkate alındığında bu süre önemlidir. Dünya nüfusunun artması ile birlikte beslenmek için hayvansal ürünlere olan talep yükselecek ve daha fazla hayvansal üretime gereksinim duyulacak, bunun sonucunda metan emisyonuda yükselecektir. Hayvansal üretimi düşürmeden metan emisyonunun azaltılması önem kazanmaktadır. Bu derlemede, ruminant hayvanlardan kaynaklı metan salınımı, azaltma yolları ve ölçüm yöntemleri incelenmiştir.