This study was carried out to investigate the changes in semen characteristics, hormonal profile and testicular morphometry of West African Dwarf (WAD) goat bucks treated with danazol. For this purpose, eighteen matured WAD bucks average of about two years were randomly divided into groups A, B and C comprising of six bucks per group. Group A was the control while B and C bucks were given danazol at a dose rate of 20mg/kg body weight orally daily for four weeks. The group B bucks’ testes were harvested thereafter for gross and histo-morphometric studies while those of group C were left intact but danazol treatment was withdrawn for four more weeks. The bucks’ semen samples (collected by electro-ejaculation) and hormonal samples (taken via the jugular vein) were analyzed. The semen characteristics studied included color, volume, mass activity, motility, percentage normal live-dead ratio, morphology and concentration; while the hormones studied included testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Results show that there were significant decreases in semen characteristics of group B and C bucks compared with those of group A in the first four weeks. The semen characteristics of the group C bucks were reversed to normal range (similar to those of group A bucks) two weeks after danazol treatment was withdrawn. Similar results were observed with the hormonal studies. In conclusion, danazol caused a reversed reduction in sperm cells characteristics suggesting its possible use as a contraceptive in WAD goat bucks.

Xanthomonas aXonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap)’nin neden olduğu adi yaprak yanıklığı hastalığı, tropikal ve subtropikal iklimlerde önemli verim kayıplarına neden olan ve tohumla taşınan en önemli fasulye bakteriyel etmenlerinden biridir. Hastalıkla mücadelede antibiyotikler ve bakırlı preparatlar kullanılmakta, ancak patojenin dirençli mutantlarına ve fitotoksisiteye neden olmaları nedeniyle sorunlar yaşanmaktadır. Bor (B), bitki için temel bir besin elementidir ve ayrıca bitki hastalıklarına direnç sisteminde önemli bir rol oynar. Bu çalışmada, 12 farklı bor bileşiğinin Xap üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. In vitro denemelerde, kimyasalların Xap popülasyon gelişimlerine etkileri ve MIC değerleri belirlenmiştir. Kontrollü koşullarda, 6 haftalık hassas fasulye çeşidi Aras 98 bitkileri, 108 CFU ml-1 yoğunlukta Xap süspansiyonu ile inokule edilmişlerdir. Bitkiler, in vitro’da belirlenen ve kimyasala göre değişen 5 farklı (1, 5, 10, 20, 40 mM) konsantrasyonda 7 gün ara ile iki kez muamele edilmişlerdir. Hastalık şiddeti, 1-9 skalası ile değerlendirilmiş ve kontrole göre (%81,15) en düşük hastalık şiddetine sahip bileşikler; sodyum tetrafloraborat (%13,88) ve potasyum tetrafloraborat (%15,38) olarak belirlenmiştir. En düşük hastalık şiddeti ise borik asit uygulaması (%78) ile elde edilmiştir. Bitkilerde kimyasalların fitotoksik etkileri tespit edilmemiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara bağlı olarak, bazı bor bileşiklerinin, fasulyede adi yaprak yanıklığı hastalığı üzerindeki önemli etkileri ile organik ve sürdürülebilir tarım içerisinde yer alabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Bu çalışmada ilk olarak dört farklı turp çeşidinin (siyah, beyaz, iri kırmızı, kırmızı fındık) farklı PEG6000 (%5, %10, %15, %20) konsantrasyonları uygulanarak oluşturulan kuraklık koşullarında çimlenme ve vejetatif gelişim parametreleri değerlendirilmiştir. Çimlenme parametresi olarak; çimlenme yüzdesi (%), çimlenme süresi ve vigor indeksi belirlenmiştir. Bitkilerde vejetatif gelişim parametresi olarak; yaprak sayısı (adet), sürgün boyu (cm), kök uzunluğu (cm), yaprak genişliği (cm), yaprak uzunluğu (cm), gövde çapı (mm), bitki yaş ve kuru ağırlıkları (g) ölçülmüştür. Beyaz, siyah ve kırmızı fındık turp çeşitlerinde %15, kırmızı iri turp çeşidinde ise %20 PEG uygulamalarında vegetatif gelişim parametreleri belirgin bir şekilde düşüş göstermiş olup, bu dozlar salisilik asit uygulamaları için eşik değer olarak belirlenmiştir. İkinci aşamada, çeşitlerin kuraklığa toleransını arttırmak amacıyla PEG6000 içeren ortamlara farklı dozlarda salisilik asit (0,25, 0,50, 0,75, 1,00 mM) uygulanmıştır. Salisilik asitin farklı dozlarının, kuraklık koşullarında turp tohumlarının çimlenmesi ve vejetatif gelişim parametreleri üzerine etkisi, çeşide bağlı olarak değişiklik göstermiş olup, çimlenmeyi teşvik edici etki yaptığı belirlenmiştir. İri kırmızı turp çeşidi hariç, bitki gelişimi üzerinde de genel anlamda olumlu etki yapmış, bu çeşitte uygulanan SA dozlarının inhibe edici etki yaptığı tespit edilmiştir. Siyah turp çeşidinde eşik değeri olarak belirlenen %15’lik PEG6000 konsantrasyonunda 0,50 mM salisilik asit uygulaması; beyaz ve kırmızı fındık turp çeşitlerinde ise eşik değeri olarak belirlenen %15’lik PEG6000 konsantrasyonunda 0,25 mM salisilik asit uygulaması vegetatif parametrelerinin iyileştirilmesi açısından oldukça iyi sonuç vermiştir.

Oat breeding activities at the Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute (TZARI) have been continuing since 1929. Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to select those that are high in yield and quality from local oat lines that are compatible with regional conditions and to register them as new oat cultivars. Field trials were conducted in rainfed conditions in Eskişehir TZARI Central and Hamidiye Campuses in the 2017-2018 crop season. In the study, ninehteen local lines (Avena sativa L.) collected from different parts of the country and Checota, Kahraman, Kırklar, Yeniçeri and Sebat varieties as a standard were used. In this research, besides various agro-morphological traits such as grain yield (GY), thousand kernel weight (TKW), plant height (PH), lodging score (LS), heading days (HD), grain protein content (PC), beta-glucan (BG), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) values were examined. According to the results of this study, differences between genotypes in parameters other than ADF and NDF values were found statistically significant. The means of grain yield was 2,93 t ha-1, and the GY of genotypes was ranged from 2,31 to 3,58 t ha-1 in the trial. TKW was ranged from 25,5 to 37,1g; PH was 83,3 to 130,2 cm; HD was 126,0 to 141,0 days; BG was 3,29 to 5,16%; PC was 13,4 to 15,9%; ADF was 16,4 to 19,4%; NDF was 30,8- 38,8% in the genotypes. Accordingly, G13, G16, G19, G21,G22 and G23 local oat lines have been found to be promising in terms of targeted agro-morphological and quality characteristics and transferred to advanced level in the oat breeding program.

In this study, oxidative stability of soybean oil (SBO) enriched with ethyl ecetate extracts of olive by-products was investigated. Total phenolic contents, phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of olive wastewater (OMWW) and olive pomace (OP) extracts were also determined. Total phenolic contents of extracts obtained from OMWW and OP were 134.45 and 281.43 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract, respectively. While antioxidant activities of OMWW extracts in the linoleic acid emulsion were in the range of 85.79 % and 88.54 %, OP extracts had 83.30 % and 90.09 % at different concentrations (0.5, 1, 2 ve 3 mg/mL) after incubation at 37 °C. β-carotene bleaching activities of the extracts at 50 °C were found as 26.80-66.63% in OMWW extracts and 18.76-53.32% in OP extracts, respectively. 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities of OP extracts were higher than those of OMWW extracts and ranged from 30.6% to 87.7% in OP extracts and 16.6% to 54.1% in OMWW extracts at these concentrations. Both the antioxidant and antiradical activities of extracts significantly increased with increased concentration (p

Mastitis is an economically important disease of intensive buffalo dairy farming worldwide. Detection of subclinical mastitis (SCM) is important for its management and control. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of reproductive disorders, SCM and udder health management practices in the buffalo dairy farms of Bhola District, Bangladesh. Data on animal demographics, reproduction status, daily milk yield and status of California Mastitis Test (CMT) result were recorded. A total of 402 buffaloes were observed in two farms at Bhola district and among them 70 milking buffaloes were randomly selected for CMT. The overall prevalence of SCM in buffalo was 20.0%. Young age group of buffaloes was more susceptible for SCM and it was not significant difference. Parity and stage of lactation have no any effect on SCM. However, abortion case was more susceptible to SCM than other diseases but not any significant difference. During milking the milkers never use any antiseptic solution for washing the udder and never use any feed supply during milking. Among the isolated organisms Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli were found more frequent in the study area and gentamicin and ciprofloxaclin were most sensitive to the isolated organisms. From this study it was concluded that buffalo’s udder was very resistance to SCM infection and udder management practice was very poor. Common antibiotics were resistance to isolated organisms from SCM case. Gentamicin and ciprofloxacin were found more susceptible against all four isolated organisms.

This study was undertaken to estimate the antioxidant activity and total tannin content of Moringa olifera Lam. (Moringa) leaves and find a suitable extraction condition for maximum yield. Two types of solvent and three different extraction times and temperatures were experimented for extraction. Moringa leaves were oven-dried and powdered to determine the antioxidant activity in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and DPPH radical scavenging activity and total tannin content. The maximum TPC value noted in methanol extract, and it ranges from 6.46 ± 0.34 g to 3.91±0.19 g gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100g dry sample (DM). The FRAP values varied from 211.6 ± 3.75 to 344.13 ± 3.26 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/100g DM and 166.67 ± 2.90 to 224.93 ± 1.94 mg AAE/100g DM, for methanol and ethanol extract, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity ranged from 46.32 ± 1.07 to 58.09 ± 0.92% for methanol extract and 56.76 ± 1.48% to 69.72 ± 1.15% for ethanol extract. The total tannin content varied from 6.84 ± 0.05 to 10.22 ± 1.11 mg GAE/100 g dry sample and 6.77 ± 0.08 to 9.23 ± 0.51 mg GAE/ 100g DMfor methanol and ethanol extract, respectively. The highest antioxidant yield for methanol and ethanol extract of Moringa leaves differed for various conditions. Overall, Moringa leaves showed excellent antioxidant properties that can be commercially and domestically used.

With this research, it was aimed to investigate the content of some heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) and macro minerals (Mg, Ca, K, Na) in the water resources that meet the water needs of livestock in Iğdır. Water samples were collected from natural springs, surface waters, wells and drilling waters, Aras river and its branches in the region. The data obtained were classified in two different ways and statistical analysis was performed. 1. According to the districts; Central District, Tuzluca, Karakoyunlu, Aralık. 2. According to the type of water resources; Ağrı Mountain spring waters, Ağrı Mountain surface waters, Mountain spring waters, Mountain surface waters, west of Aras river and it’s canals, east of Aras river, Well and Drilling waters. Mineral levels of the water samples were measured by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer with flame system. According to the district assessment, it was seen that Tuzluca district had lower values compared to other districts. When evaluated according to the type of water source, water mineral content was determined to increase as the waters flowing forward on the surface after reaching to the earth surface It was even found to have become unfit for consumption towards the end. Consequently, with this research, the levels of some heavy metals and macro minerals in the waters used for livestock in the Iğdır region were revealed for the first time with their details. Except for the waters of the East Aras river, the waters of the Iğdır region were found to be of usable quality for animal husbandry.

Heavy metal environmental contamination consequent of anthropogenic factors has become a global concern with cadmium and lead constituting a major public health, livestock and ecological threat. This study, therefore, uses goats (as sentinel animals) raised in 2 different regions based on their mining history (previous and existing) to evaluate exposure to cadmium and lead and their consequent toxicities and pathological changes. A total of 130 goats (composed of 88 goats which constitute the suspected exposure (SE) group and 44 goats, the suspected unexposed (SU) group) were sampled. Blood and tissue samples (liver, kidney and muscles) were analysed for lead and cadmium levels using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer along with the complete blood count analysis. The mean blood lead levels (BLLs) and cadmium levels (BCLs) in the goats from the SE groups were 14.59 and 3.12 µg/dl respectively, which were significantly higher than the SU groups (9.23 and 0.46 µg/dl respectively) A significantly higher frequency of goats in the SE (93.18%) also had an elevated BLLs compared to the SU group (78.57%). The levels of tissue lead and cadmium in both the SE and SU groups were found significant and higher than the FAO/WHO maximum limits. The packed cell volume, red blood cell count, and haemoglobin concentration were found significantly lower, and the platelet count and some leucocyte parameters (total white blood cell, neutrophil, eosinophil, and monocyte count) were found significantly higher in the SE group. The elevated cadmium and lead level in both groups further highlight the ubiquitous spread of cadmium and lead environmental contamination in both study regions and the direct risk of exposure to human and animals in Nigeria. The relative differences in the observed pathological changes in the two study groups also suggest the influence of the environmental heavy metal pollution and exposure levels on health.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediate fast cholinergic synaptic transmission in the insect nervous system. Neonicotinoid insecticides exhibit insecticidal activities by targeting these receptors. The aim of this study was to isolate cDNA clones of nAChR subunit genes of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). RACEs (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) were applied to obtain partial-length cDNA sequences. We identified two partial cDNA clones encoding β1 and α8 subunit genes (Btβ1-1168 bp and Btα8-755 bp), respectively, from Bemisia tabaci (Bt). This is the first report of isolation of α8 from B. tabaci by cloning. Btβ1 and Btα8 possess characteristics that are typical of nAChR subunits. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Btβ1 and Btα8 clustered with the orthologous genes of other insect species.