The experiment was conducted to assess the integrated effects of pre-emergence herbicides and hand-weeding on weed control, yield components, yield, and their economic feasibility for cost effective weed control in faba bean. The experiment consisted of 12 treatments viz. pre-emergence s-metolachlor (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg ha-1) and pendimethalin (1.0, 1.25 and 1.5 kg ha-1), each at three rates metolachlor, s-metolachlor + one-hand-weeding, pendimethalin + one-hand-weeding, two-hand-weeding, complete weed free and weedy checks arranged. The weed flora consisted of broadleaved and sedge with the relative densities of 81.02 and 18.98 % at Haramaya district, and 80.83% and 19.17%, at Gurawa district, respectively. Application of s-metolachlor and pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 each supplemented with hand weeding 5 WAE significantly (p ≤0.01) affected the broadleaved weeds, sedges and weed dry weight at both sites. S-metolachlor 1.0 kg ha-1 supplemented with hand weeding 5 WAE gave the lowest total number of weeds (8.29 m-2) following the weed free check. Higher grain yield (3555.8 kg ha-1) was produced with s-metolachlor 1.0 kg ha-1 supplemented with one-hand-weeding 5 WAE following complete weed-free at Gurawa. The benefit gained from s-metolachlor and pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha-1 each supplemented with one hand weeding 5 WAE were greater than the value recorded from the weedy check by 216% and 198 %, respectively. S-metolachlor 1.0 kg ha-1 supplemented with hand weeding 5 WAE treatment resulted in the highest grain yield and economic benefit. However, in case labour is constraint and s-metolachlor herbicide is timely available, pre emergence application of s-metolachlor at 2.0 kg ha-1 should be the alternative to preclude the yield loss and to ensure maximum benefit.

Decreasing water availability for cotton production has compelled researchers to engage in studies about rising water use efficiency by improving water management. The impacts of different irrigation levels on the fibre qualities of drip-irrigated cotton were evaluated in Diyarbakir, Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkiye. Three cotton varieties, ‘Stoneville 468’ (ST 468), ‘FiberMax 832’ (FM 832), and ‘Kartanesi’, and three levels of irrigation were tested in 2017 and 2018. Treatments were I 50 (50% water stress), I 75 (25% water stress), and the fully irrigated treatment I 100, which was obtained from Class-A pan evaporation. According to the two-year results of the study, water stress caused a decline in fineness, length, strength, elongation, uniformity ratio, and spinning consistency index (SCI) values of fibre, while fibre yellowness and short fibre ratio values increased. Fibre brightness was not affected by water stress. There were significant differences among varieties concerning quality parameters. FM 832 has come to the fore with regard to fibre fineness, length, strength, uniformity, yellowness, reflectance, and spinning consistency index.

In this study, the effects of re-cutting, wounding and disbudding over the base of dormant rootstock cuttings on the grafting success, final take and grapevine sapling quality in grafted grapevine sapling production were investigated. Five different treatments were experimented in this study as of T-1 (in which the base of the rootstock was cut and two distal buds from the base were disbud (standard application); T-2 (in which the base of the rootstock was not cut but two distal buds were disbud); T-3 (in which only the base of the rootstock was cut); T-4 (in which the base of the rootstock was cut and three buds were disbud) and T-5 (in which the base of the rootstock was crashed with a hammer and two distal buds were disbud). Scions of Royal cultivar were grafted on 5BB,1613 Couderc and 140 Ruggeri rootstocks by omega grafting machine. Grafted cuttings were planted and grown in plastic pots in a greenhouse. The callusing development and rooting performance of grafted cuttings, the final take of the first grade of the sapling and sapling itself, final take of potted grafted saplings, fresh and dry matter weight of shoot and root were evaluated. The existence of bud on base of rootstock and re-cutting of the base affected graft success positively. Re-cutting of 140 Ru rootstock of the base positively affected callusing and root development. Graft success ratios ranged from 71% (140 Ru, T-3) to 100% (1613C, T-2). Total final take ratios varied between 25% (140 Ru, T-3) and 90% (5BB, T-3) and the final take of the first grade ranged from 2.5% (140 Ru, T-2) to 37% (1613C, T-2,3,4). The existence of bud on the base portion of rootstock had a positive effect on final take and sapling quality parameters. As a result, existence of bud on the base of rootstock positively affected the graft success, shoot and root quality. Re-cutting of the base of the 140 Ru had a positive effect on graft success and final take ratios. In order to reduce the labour costs, there is no need to cut the base portion of 1613 C and 5BB rootstocks.

The mean performance and combining abilities of cross combinations derived from a complete diallel mating and their parents were evaluated under waterlogging conditions. Analysis of variance for combining abilities indicated significant GCA (general combining ability) and SCA (specific combining ability) for single spike yield, SPAD (soil plant analysis development) and leaf area; GCA for NDVI (normalised differences vegetation index) and SCA for Fe and Mn contents in roots and membrane thermal stability. The parents Stendal, Beşköprü and Pamukova 97 were the best combiners in terms of waterlogging tolerance, while Beşköprü × Pamukova 97, Pamukova 97 × Beşköprü, Stendal × Pamukova 97, Stendal × Beşköprü and Beşköprü × Hanlı were identified as the best cross combinations, with high positive specific combining ability effects for most waterlogging related characters.

Ülkemize özgü geleneksel fermente bitkisel ürünlerimizden biri olan şalgam suyu üretimi ile ilgili standart bir teknik ve kullanılan sıcaklık bulunmamaktadır. Bununla beraber Adana, İçel, Hatay gibi illerimizde oldukça popüler olan şalgam suyu üretiminde genellikle endüstriyel boyutta geleneksel yöntem adı verilen bir yöntem kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, şalgam suyu üretiminde geleneksel yöntem kullanılarak farklı sıcaklığın mikrobiyal flora üzerine etkisine bakılmıştır. Bu amaçla öncelikle hamur fermantasyonu gerçekleştirilerek ekstrakt elde edilmiş ve ardından diğer hammaddeler ile karıştırılarak havuç fermantasyonu farklı sıcaklıklarda (10°C, 22°C ve 35°C) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Denemelerde fermantasyon sırasında ortamda bulunan laktik asit bakterileri (LAB), toplam mezofil aerob bakteri (TMAB), koliform bakteri (KB) ve toplam maya (TM) sayıları belirlenmiştir. Fermantasyonun başlamasıyla beraber LAB, TMAB ve TM sayılarında artış ve KB sayısında bir azalma gözlenmiştir. İlave olarak farklı sıcaklık uygulaması, havuç fermantasyonunun süresi üzerinde de önemli derecede etkiye neden olmuştur. Sıcaklık arttıkça fermantasyon süresi kısalmıştır.

Jatropha curcas L. is a wild species in the domestication process with an oil and biofuel potential use. The evolutionary-adaptive processes have conferred a reproductive mechanism based on protogyny-geitonogamy, achieving a floral asynchrony addressed to ensure the outcrossing and survival in extreme climate and soil conditions. In the wild, this plant performs a fruit heterogeneity, an unattractive attribute for harvest timing. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the number of harvest, yield and proportion, and physiological states of fruit maturity with the maximum oil quantity and quality. A randomized complete block factorial arrangement of treatments design was performed. The varieties and stages of fruit ripeness, were the factors. A relation of 19: 31: 36: 14 with fruits pericarp colors: green: yellow: yellow-brown: brown, was obtained. The best harvest timing was during the yellow-brown state, which represented the highest oil content associated with high oleic acid and linoleic contents. Nevertheless, for a fruit harvest timing, the use of the epicarp color index is recommended. These results suggest the floral asynchrony breeding traits, requires the ensuring of the fruit homogeneity for mechanical or manual harvesting.

Abstract Jatropha curcas L. is a wild species in the domestication process with an oil and biofuel potential use. The evolutionary-adaptive processes have conferred a reproductive mechanism based on protogyny-geitonogamy, achieving a floral asynchrony addressed to ensure the outcrossing and survival in extreme climate and soil conditions. In the wild, this plant performs a fruit heterogeneity, an unattractive attribute for harvest timing. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the number of harvest, yield and proportion, and physiological states of fruit maturity with the maximum oil quantity and quality. A randomized complete block factorial arrangement of treatments design was performed. The varieties and stages of fruit ripeness, were the factors. A relation of 19: 31: 36: 14 with fruits pericarp colors: green: yellow: yellow-brown: brown, was obtained. The best harvest timing was during the yellow-brown state, which represented the highest oil content associated with high oleic acid and linoleic contents. Nevertheless, for a fruit harvest timing, the use of the epicarp color index is recommended. These results suggest the floral asynchrony breeding traits, requires the ensuring of the fruit homogeneity for mechanical or manual harvesting. | Resumen Jatropha curcas L., es una especie silvestre en proceso de domesticación con potencial para usar su aceite como biocombustible. Los procesos evolutivos-adaptativos le han conferido un mecanismo reproductivo basado en la protoginia-geitonogamia que garantiza la asincronía floral como una forma de asegurar la alogamia y supervivencia en condiciones extremas de clima y suelo. En condición silvestre esta planta presenta heterogeneidad de los frutos, atributo poco atractivo para la cosecha. Por esta razón, se realizó este estudio, para determinar el número de cosechas, rendimiento y la proporción y estados de madurez fisiológica del fruto con la máxima cantidad y calidad del aceite. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial de tratamientos; los factores fueron variedades y estados de madurez del fruto. Se obtuvo una relación 19:31:36:14 de frutos con el color del pericarpio verde: amarillo: amarillo-café: café, respectivamente. La mejor época de cosecha fue el estado amarillo-café que representó el mayor contenido de aceite asociado con alto contenido de ácido oleico y linoelico. Para la cosecha oportuna del fruto se recomienda utilizar el índice de color del epicarpio. Estos resultados sugieren que el carácter asincronía floral requiere de mejora genética que asegure la homogeneidad de frutos para la cosecha manual o mecánica.

Conservation agriculture is a concept which defines different farming systems. Its implementation depends on soil properties, climate and socio-economic considerations. Since two thousands, no-till technology; which is one facet of the conservation agriculture has begun to take place in the high plains of Sétif province-Algeria. Its adoption is facing several problems of socio-economic and technical issues. This work monitored the track of no-till adoption within a sample of 28 farmers during two years 2014 and 2016. During 2014 farmers were supported financially and technically through a subsidy program that aimed at the support of conservation agriculture via no-till technique. In 2016, the subsidy program has ended; hence, farmers have no longer incentives. Multivariate statistical analyses were performed to diagnose the evolution of no-till adoption and behavior’s farmers between the two periods. In 2016, results showed an increase of no-till area, even though, the drop of the number of adoptive farmers by 71%. The main reasons for adopting no-till according to the adoptive farmers were the minimization of farming operation costs and saving time. However, the major impediments facing no-till adoption; were the rise of weeding charges and the concern of weed infestation especially by bromus.sp, which is a vigorous prevalent weed, which locally developed some pesticide’s resistance. Also, the excessive use of pesticides may be considered as an environmental reason for no adopting no-till.

Se utilizó la información generada por 29 microsatélites en 63 accesiones del acervo andino de P. vulgaris para elaborar agrupamientos y calcular índices de prevalencia. Las accesiones formaron grupos que correspondieron a las razas Nueva Granada, Chile y Perú. Se determinó la existencia de notoria introgresión en genotipos de las razas Chile y Perú | We used the information generated by 29 microsatellite markers in the analysis of 63 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) accessions to evaluate clustering and prevalence indices and to determine the similarity and differentiation or introgression among races of the Andean gene pool. We identified three clusters of genotypes which corresponded to the races of the Andean gene pool, i.e. Nueva Granada, Chile and Peru and the existence of introgression between accessions of these three races. Introgression was more common for genotypes in races Chile and Peru , then for the race Nueva Granada.