Edible grapevine leaves can be consumed as fresh or pickled. After leaves are usually collected from vineyards, they are sold as fresh or brined. In Turkey, the leaves of Sultani Çekirdeksiz and Narince varieties are extremely evaluated for edible purposes. In this study, it was aimed to determine leaf yield and characteristics of vine saplings in nursery parcel. The leaves of Narince (Narince own-roted grafted on 1103 P) and Sultani Çekirdeksiz (grafted on 1103 P) seedlings were the material of the experiment. Cuttings were planted in a single row (16.666 cuttings/da) with 1 m × 6 cm spacing to the nursery parcel. Edible leaves were collected from saplings in two harvest periods. Leaf yield, leaf width, leaf length, leaf area and leaf weight in fresh vine leaves were determined. Depending on the sapling type (own-rooted or grafted), 102.5-186.0 kg/da edible leaves were collected from two harvests. In general, saplings leaves were found to be smaller in size and delicate than matura vine. It is recommended that the leaves of saplings should be evaluated by vine sapling companies having permanent workers.

This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and chemical composition of essential oils obtained from thyme and rosemary. In our study, the yield for thyme essential oil was determined as 1.34% and the yield for rosemary essential oil was determined as 0.40%. It has been determined that there are components such as carvacrol, gamma-terpinen, thymol, terpineol, alpha-pinene, borneol, linalol in thyme essential oil. The most important components of rosemary essential oil are components such as eucalyptol, camphor, carvacrol, endo-borneol, delta-3-karen, terpineol, bornyl-acetate, o-simene. In addition, the total phenol content, antioxidant activity (DPPH) and p-anisidine values of essential oils were determined. Total phenol contents and DPPH IC50 values were found to be 18.72±0.37 mg GAE/g DW and 4.74 µg extract/mL for thyme, whereas 12.11±0.29 mg GAE/g DW and 2.75 µg extract/mL for rosemary. Our study also showed good antioxidant activity of thyme and rosemary essential oils. As a result, these properties show that thyme and rosemary essential oils have a very strong potential applicability as antioxidant agents for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

This study was carried out in the greenhouses of Bursa Uludag University Yenişehir Ibrahim Orhan Vocational School in 2014-2015 to determine the effects of five different irrigation levels (T1: 100% (full irrigation), T2: 75%, T3: 50%, T4: 25%, T5: 0% (non-irrigated)) and two different fertilization levels (F1.0: 100% (100:100:100 NPK) fertigation and F0.5: 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertigation on yield and quality parameters of okra grown under unheated greenhouse conditions. In 2014 and 2015, the amount of irrigation water in the study was applied as 0.0-380.0 mm and 0.0-360.0 mm for the 100% (100:100:100 NPK) fertilization and 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertilization treatments, respectively. Evapotranspiration values were realized as 200.0-410.0 mm and 130.0-400.0 mm for 100% (100:100:100 NPK) and 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertilization treatments in 2014, 185.0-425.0 mm and 200.0-450.0 mm in 2015, respectively. It was observed that irrigation water levels significantly affected the yield, fruit diameter, fruit length, 10 fruit weight, and number of fruits per plant and dry matter of okra. The highest yield averages for both years were obtained from T1F1.0 and T1F0.5 treatments were found to be 14.6-17.8 tons’ ha-1 and 16.8 -15.7 tons’ ha-1 in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Crop response factors (ky) of okra were found as 1.38-1.26 and 1.26-1.41 for 100% (100:100:100 NPK) fertilization and 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertilization treatments in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The highest water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values were calculated as 0.036-0.038 kg m-3 and 0.045-0.049 kg m-3 from T1F1.0 and T1F0.5 treatments in 2014 and 0.040-0.047 kg m-3 and 0.035-0.046 kg m-3 from same treatments (T1F1.0 and T1F0.5) in 2015, respectively. The highest T1F1.0 and T1F0.5 values were the closest values were obtained from T2F1.0 and T2F0.5 treatments therefore T2F1.0 and T2F0.5 treatments can be recommended for okra.

Determining the physiological effects of single and binary applications of BPA and NaCl on the Ceratophyllum demersum L., which is a rootless submerged aquatic macrophyte, is the aim of the present study. For this purpose, the macrophyte was collected from a local pond that was not exposed to any pollution. Macrophytes were acclimatized in 10% nutrient solution for 14 days, than they were treated with 17.2 mg/L BPA; 10 and 100 mM NaCl; 17.2 mg/L BPA plus 10 mM NaCl and 17.2 mg/L BPA plus 100 mM NaCl. The macrophyte without added BPA or/and NaCl served as control (without treatment). Increasing concentrations of NaCl induced a progressive accumulation of Na in the macrophyte tissues. On the other hand, BPA application partially reduced Na uptake. Nutrient uptake was affected differently by the applications. The contents of some nutrients such as Cu, Zn, Mn, K and Mg were generally reduced, whereas the Fe and Ca contents were increased. In general, increases in contents of total carbohydrate, total phenolic and non-protein sulfhydryl groups were found, when compared to control. Protein and photosynthetic pigment contents, on the contrary to these, were decreased. According to findings, the increase in H2O2 and MDA levels showed that single and combined applications of BPA and NaCl in C. demersum tissues induced oxidative stress.

Present review was performed in order to understand the influence of photoperiod and light intensity on Coturnix japonica. Different literatures were reviewed regarding egg production, behaviour, body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass weight, egg quality with respect to photoperiods and intensities. It was noticed from the reviewed studies that light intensity of 80 and 20 luxes for 8 hours during growing period and 240 and 60 luxes for 16 hours during laying period results 194.85±4.46, 191.42±2.87 feed intake, 201.00±13.82, 210±15.1 weekly weight gain. The better feed conversion ratio remains (1.03) with light intensity of 80 and 20 luxes for 8 hours during growing period. Carcass weight remains as 98.33±8.33 and 99.56±5.44, dressing percentage 50.46% and 52.01%, egg production percent 50.11 and 48.81, egg length 32.15±0.54 and 32.12±0.35, egg width 24.87±0.22 and 23.75±0.31, egg weight 9±0.44 and 9±0.54, 11.2±0.73 when light intensity of 80 and 20 luxes for 8 hours during growing period and 240 and 60 luxes for 16 hours during laying period is provided. In conclusion Coturnix japonica raised on 80 luxes for 08 hours light intensity during growing period and 240 luxes for 16 hours light intensity in laying period results better FCR and feed intake in cage system. While Coturnix japonica reared with 5 luxes for 16 hours photoperiod during growing period and 15 luxes for 20 hours photoperiod in laying period demonstrate better egg production and behaviour.

The purpose of this review article is to collaborate on future studies about hippotherapy to horse and riding trainers, health professionals, veterinarians, individuals in need and individuals with disabilities and their relatives and to shed light on academic studies. It has been stated in studies that hippotherapy is beneficial for patients in the world. Therefore, as a result of new private hippotherapy centers in public institutions and in Turkey, studies on hippotherapy have been started. The studies carried out in hippotherapy are increasing and widespread and continuing to contribute to the treatment of the individuals in need and individuals with disabilities with hippotherapy sessions with expert teams. However, in the studies, the sessions of the hippotherapy team with two common creatures have great duties on the equestrian coaches in order to meet the needs of the horse and the individual in need or individual with disability. For this reason, since hippotherapy is a multidisciplinary team work consisting of specialist professionals, it has been researched to contribute to the horse and rider coaches on the field and to the expert team attending the sessions, to the new experts and the families of the individuals in need and disabled individuals. In the current review, the information about the history of hippotherapy and development, information about hippotherapy institutions in Turkey, individuals in need and individuals with disabilities, benefits of hippotherapy, characteristics of the hippotherapy horse, training of the hippotherapy horse are emphasized, and especially emphasis is placed on the use of work in the field of horse and equestrian coaching.

Marinated anchovies produced in a fish processing plant in Samsun province (with 3% garlic and 3% hot pepper sauce) were filled in plastic jars and vacuum packed. Physical, chemical and microbiological analyses of the samples were performed to determine the effects of garlic and hot pepper sauce on the shelf life of marinated anchovies. Total viable bacteria count (TVB), lactic acid bacteria count (LAB), Enterobacteriaceae count, biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, cadaverine, putrescine, tryptamine), pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) analysis were performed during 7 months of storage at 4°C. Comparing the control group with garlic added and hot pepper sauce added samples, garlic addition reduced the microbial growth and provided that the samples retained their physicochemical properties (TBA, TVB-N) for a longer period time. The amounts of biogenic amines were determined less in garlic added samples.

In this study, it is aimed to examine which level marketing communicating tools are used in the food industry in Çukurova Region, Turkey. For this purpose, a survey was applied to 92 enterprises which process milk and dairy products, meat and meat products, fruit juice industry in both Adana and Mersin. Also, face to face interview was conducted to gather data from 400 consumers who were determined via simple random sampling, living in Adana province. It was found out that enterprises used the marketing communication tools (sales promotion, advertisement etc.) to increase sales and reduce inventory, even if they are not mostly aware of the concept of marketing communications. They also indicated that they do not practice marketing communication programs at all. The most used tools by the enterprises are personal sales, direct marketing, sales promotions and advertisement. Also, as a result of correlation analysis showed that there is an effect between the enterprises’ use of marketing communication tools and brand and market performance. Consumers stated that the sales promotions are the most effective marketing communication tools on their preferences not only buying food products but also changing the brands. Consumers mostly decide what to buy and which brand while they are in the market. In this case, advertisement, promotion and to the content of the product were the most important factors regarding consumers’ choices. It was found out that consumers’ gender, age, education and income levels were also effective on their preferences on buying different food products. Consumers attitude was different about marketing communication tools; such as young people mostly affected by media and primary and secondary school graduates mostly influenced by additional gifts provided free of charge with the main product.

In this study, nutritional values of silages made from seed pumpkin residues were investigated. Pumpkin residues collected from Konya region were put into silo in vacuum sacks with various additives. As additives, straw, inoculant containing lactic acid bacteria or a mixture of both in certain proportions were used. After the silos were opened, their pH was determined and then samples were taken to determine the essential fatty acid compositions and nutrient analyses were done. Natural pumpkin (Group 1), natural pumpkin + inoculant (100ppm) (Group 2), withered pumpkin + 15% straw (Group 3), withered pumpkin + 15% straw + inoculant (100ppm) (Group 4) such that the fourth group is formed. Dry matter values of pumpkin groups are Group 1 7.89%, Group 2 6.62%, Group 3 12.22% and Group 4 12.25% respectively. Their pH is 3.78 in Group 1, 3.71 in Group 2, 3.86 in Group 3 and 3.82 in Group 4. The crude protein ratio in the experimental groups was determined in the highest Group 2 (14.97%) and the lowest in Group 3 (10.56%). NDF rate was determined in the highest group 4 (49.74%) and the lowest in Group 2 (28.51%). In addition, the highest ADF rate was determined in Group 4 (37.91%) and the lowest in Group 2 (24.90%). There was a statistically significant difference between the research groups in terms of ethanol content. Acetic acid and propionic acid content was found statistically significant between groups. As a result, when the pumpkin residues are silaged, it can be used as feed material in animal feeding. In addition, it can be said that pumpkin residues can be evaluated in different areas in the high amount of Ethanol content resulting from silage production.

This study was conducted to identify the current problems of cereal crops like wheat and corn producers and to suggest solutions for overcoming those problems in Amik Plain (Antakya, Kirikhan, Kumlu, Reyhanli districts) in Hatay province of Turkey. In this study, the primary data was obtained by face-to-face survey from 100 cereal producers in Amik plain. All variables are given as frequency and percentage distribution, and numerical variables as mean. The survey assessed the level of education of grain producers, the number of individuals in the farm, record keeping, social security, crops (wheat and corn) growing area, yield, sowing and harvest date ranges, property and leasehold land use, cultural practices and grain production. The data were analysed using simple statistical analysis methods (frequency, averages, percentage distribution). The results indicated that about 50% of the cereal producers had higher educational degree. It was determined that producers had an average of 12.3 ha of wheat and 15 ha of corn cultivated area. Moreover, cereal production is well known as one of the cultural practices in the study area. The main problem of grain producers is that the low cereal prices. In addition, the Turkish Grain Board (TMO) does not purchase the production at the time of harvesting. Moreover, high production costs and corn irrigation are considered other problems that cereal producers are facing.