This study was established at the experimental field of Horticulture Department of Çukurova University in Adana, Turkey during 2013-2015 harvest period two consecutive years. Two plum cultivars (‘Black Diamond’, ‘Angeleno’) and Friar as pollinizer grafted on Myrobolan rootstock were used as plant material. Trees produced commercially good yield in 2014, at the fourth growing season. The aim of this study was to compare four different pruning systems (spindle, 4 leader- Quad-V, central leader and open vase) and six different planting distances (0.8-1-1.2-1.6-2- 4 m and standard inter rows 4 m) for yield (ton ha-1) on several fruit quality variables such as (fruit weight, firmness, fruit flesh/seed weight, TSS, TA). Morphological and phenological characters were observed and chilling accumulation of the study area was determined. Sufficient chilling accumulation was calculated in both years regarding fruit crop load. The best results for quality characteristics were obtained from Spindel (1.2x4 m) high density pruning system for both cultivars. Also, ‘‘Black Diamond’’ cultivar on Spindel (1.2 m) gave the highest fruit weight (110.4 g) and yield (62.27 ton ha-1).

Bu çalışmada, Osmanlı çileğinin ana ebeveyn, yerel (Karaçilek, Tüylü, Deli) ve standart (Kabarla, Sweet Ann ve Sweet Charlie) çilek çeşitlerinin tozlayıcı olarak kullanıldığı ıslah çalışması sonucu seçilen elli iki adet F1 genotipi ve ana ebeveynleri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen meyvelerde suda çözünebilir kuru madde miktarı (%), pH, titre edilebilir asitlik (TA) (%), toplam kuru madde miktarı (%), kül tayini, askorbik asit içeriği (mg/100g) ve toplam fenol miktarı (µg GAE/g ta) belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları incelendiğinde SÇKM değerlerinin %5,80 ile %14,60; pH değerinin 2,69-3,90; titre edilebilir asit miktarının %0,58-1,79 arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Askorbik asit en yüksek DB-119 genotipinde 55,61 mg/100g bulunurken, en yüksek toplam fenolik madde miktarı DC-42 genotipinde 3887,07µg GAE/g ta bulunmuştur. Meyve yapısının genetik faktörlerden etkilendiği ancak çevre koşularının etkileşimi ile meyve yapısında değişiklik olduğu bilinmektedir. Çalışma sonucunda belirlenen kriterler incelendiğinde melez bireylerin ana ebeveynlerine yakın değer aralığında olduğu belirlenmiştir.

In this study, variation of some chemical components such as anthocyanin, β-carotene, lycopene, phenolic, nitrate, soluble protein, proline, glucose, sucrose and total carbohydrate level ad PAL activity in some wild and cultivated edible mushrooms was examined. For this, four different mushroom species (Agaricus campestris L., Cantharellus cibarius Fr., Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers., Lactarius piperatus L. Pers) were supplied from local market, named Kuzeykent Semt Bazaar, in Kastamonu province of Turkey. Mushroom samples were collected from Araç, Daday, Devrekani and Tosya locations of Kastamonu. According to findings, the highest anthocyanin value and PAL activity were obtained from A. campestris collected from Arac location with 0.107 mg g-1 and 6.99 EU, respectively. The amount of β-carotene (2.297 mg g-1) and lycopene (0.644 mg g-1) was the highest in C. cibarius collected from Tosya location, however; proline, soluble protein, nitrate and glucose level were the maximum in A. campestris collected from Devrekani location with 149.61 µmol g-1, 55.49 mg, 159.963 mg g-1 and 29.36 µg g-1, respectively. While total carbohydrate was the highest in H. erinaceus collected from Araç location with 80.97 µg g-1, sucrose concentration was the maximum with 39.22 mg g-1 in H. erinaceus collected from Daday location. As a result, A. campestris collected from Devrekani location exhibited the highest nutrient in terms of chemicals analysed except anthocyanin and it was followed by H. erinaceus collected from Daday location. However, C. cibarius and H. erinaceus collected from Araç location had lower chemical components. It can be said that these mushroom species are valuable and important as major food sources and non-wood products for Kastamonu province.

Çiftçilerin tarım sektörünün doğal yapısından kaynaklanan birçok unsuru dikkate alarak çeşitli ürünler arasından kendilerine en uygun olanını nasıl seçtikleri ve üretimine nasıl karar verdiklerinin belirlenmesi önemlidir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, Samsun ili Bafra ilçesindeki sebze yetiştiricilerinin ürün desenlerine karar verirken etkilendikleri faktörleri belirlemektir. Bu amaca ulaşmak için basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenen 122 çiftçi ile anket yapılmıştır. Çiftçilerin ürün desenlerine karar verirken etkilendikleri faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla, incelenen literatürden yararlanılarak ve araştırmacı tarafından yapılan pilot çalışmalardan hareketle sosyal ve kişisel, ekonomik, fiziksel ve iklim koşullarından kaynaklı faktörleri içine alan 67 madde tespit edilmiştir. Çiftçilerin düşüncelerini yansıtan ifadeler Likert tipi beşli bir ölçeklendirmeye göre puanlanmıştır. Araştırmada istatistiksel işlemler sırasına göre iç tutarlılık katsayılarının belirlenmesi, açıklayıcı faktör analizi, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir ve bulgular sunulmuştur. Açıklayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda toplam varyansın %57,74’ünü açıklayan; ürün özellikleri, fiziksel özellikler, işletme özellikleri, doğal faktörler, sulama özellikleri ve işgücü özellikleri olarak altı faktör grubu ortaya çıkmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarından elde edilen bulgulara göre çiftçilerin ürün desenlerini planlarken etkilendikleri en önemli faktör ürün özelliği ile ilişkilidir. Ancak, çiftçiler üretecekleri ürünlere karar verirken sadece ürün özelliklerinden değil aynı zamanda ellerinde olmayan farklı koşullardan etkilenmektedirler. Dolayısıyla çiftçilerin kararlarını etkileyen faktörler arasında davranış özelliklerinin de dikkate alınması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

It is well known that alternative food additives are being researched following the prohibition of the addition of antibiotics to poultry feed as growth factors. Recently, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been considered as alternatives to antibiotics. AMPs, produced by bacteria, insects, amphibians and mammals, as well as by chemical synthesis. In particular, their natural antimicrobial properties and their low tendency to create resistance in micro-organisms suggest that they might be a good alternative to antibiotics. They are not only effective against bacteria, but are also known to be effective against fungi and viruses. In studies on pigs and broiler chickens, they have been shown to be beneficial effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, the immune system, intestinal morphology and gut microbiota. Antimicrobial peptides are small biological molecules formed from 12-60 amino acids. AMPs have been reported to kill bacteria, in particular those showing resistance to multiple antibiotics. AMPs block the development of harmful bacteria while encouraging the growth of beneficial bacteria. For instance, it has been reported that sublancin reduces the Clostridium perfringens count while increasing the numbers of Lactobacilli. Furthermore, they have been proved to have a strong effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Some of the AMPs used in broiler chicken feeding are sublancin, secropin, magainin, nisin and defensin. These peptides can be used by adding them to feed or to drinking water. This review has attempted to find an answer to the question of whether AMPs added to the feed of broiler chickens can be an alternative to antibiotics by examining previous studies.

Eggs are important components of the human diet due to their low cost, high protein content and protein related technological features. High digestibility of egg proteins makes it possible to consume alone in the assay of nutritive values. Binding, emulsifying, foaming, gelling, and thickening properties of egg proteins provide an opportunity to use egg in various food products as an ingredient. Therefore, the consumption of egg is increasing with each passing day, however, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimirum infections have been reported to be egg-born. These serious infections are originated from direct consumption of eggs or unpasteurized food products in which the egg yolk/albumen is added to the formulations such as mayonnaise, salad dressings or merengues. In order to prevent these infections, aforementioned microorganisms must be eliminated from the environment by pasteurization. Commercial pasteurization process is applied with hot water or vapor. Commercial processes include high temperature/short time or low temperature/long-time pasteurization. Although heat treatment is considered the most reliable method in terms of microbiological safety, high temperature and/or long time applications may have adverse effects on functional and nutritional properties of egg proteins. To ensure the microbiological safety of products without sacrificing technological or nutritional properties, researches have been centered upon innovative techniques such as irradiation, pulsed electric field, high hydrostatic pressure, and radiofrequency applications. This review is aimed to bring out the amendments occurred in the egg protein structures in consequence of aforementioned pasteurization methods.

Bu araştırma, farklı silajlık mısır çeşitlerinin verim ve bazı özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla 2018 yılında Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Eğitim, Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliği’nde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada materyal olarak 6 silajlık mısır çeşidi (DKC721, Hido, Kilowat, Kolosseus, LG30709 ve PNR31143) kullanılmıştır. Denemeler, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekrarlamalı olarak kurulmuştur. Araştırmada yeşil ot verimi, bitki boyu, sap, yaprak ve koçan oranları, yaprak sayısı, koçan uzunluğu ve koçan çapı değerleri belirlenmiştir. Varyans analiz sonuçlarına göre çeşitler arasında yeşil ot verimi, bitki boyu, yaprak sayısı, koçan boyu ve koçan çapı değerleri bakımından %1 düzeyinde, koçan oranı bakımından ise %5 düzeyinde istatistiksel olarak önemli farklılıklar bulunurken, sap ve yaprak oranları açısından çeşitler arasında gözlemlenen farklılıkların istatistiksel olarak önemsiz olduğu belirlenmiştir. İncelenen özellikler bakımından, yeşil ot verimi 8624,9-10681,0 kg/da, bitki boyu 234,3-294,3 cm, yaprak sayısı 13,0-15,2 adet/bitki, koçan uzunluğu 20,7-26,0 cm ve koçan çapı 46,5-55,6 mm arasında değişmiştir. Özellikle verim ve sap, yaprak ve koçan oranları açısından Hido çeşidi öne çıkarken bunu Kolosseus ve LG30709 çeşitlerinin takip ettiği gözlemlenmiştir. DKC721 çeşidinin ise incelenen özellikler bakımından geride kaldığı söylenebilir.

In this study, the age, growth, and gonado-somatic index (GSI) of the Red mullet (Mullus barbatus ponticus Essipov, 1927) from the Eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey were examined. A total of 1466 M. barbatus ponticus were sampled between September 2010 and August 2011 from trammel net landings in Rize. The total length of Red mullet ranged from 7.42 cm to 17.80 cm and weight ranged from 9.59 g to 50.93 g, regardless of the sex. The sex ratio (♂/♀) was 0.46, with almost twice more females than males. The growth performance of M. barbatus ponticus in the study area is similar to that of the western populations of the same sub-species. A closed season of at least three months (from May to July) banning the use of even the stationary fishing gear will be beneficial for the sustainable stock of management of M. barbatus ponticus in the Black Sea.

Plant clinics in Nepal has been started in 2008 and has coverage in more than 40 districts of Nepal. A study has been conducted in Chitwan district of Nepal to assess the changes on farmer’s knowledge attitude and practice due to implementation of plant clinics. Total of 175 clinic attendants and 175 non-attendants were selected by simple random sampling method and interviewed by using semi-structured questionnaire. By and large, this study found wider positive changes among clinic attendants than non-attendants especially on their knowledge and skills to identity pests and diseases with their causes and practice appropriate remedial measures against those problems. The study revealed positive impact to by increasing knowledge and skillset among attending farmers to assess the season of disease and pest occurrence, estimate economic threshold level as well as preventive and curative measures against the plant health problems. Plant clinic has made impressive positive changes on adoption of recommended dose of pesticides and organic control methods among attendants than non-attendants. The level of awareness and adoption of waiting period after pesticide use was found higher among attendants than non-attendants.

Food waste and loss is an ecological, economic and social problem. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization states that approximately one third of all edible foods produced for human consumption are wasted or lost after harvest. The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting food waste behavior of consumers. In order to reach this aim, a questionnaire was conducted with 583 people in November and December of 2018 in Çorum province. The obtained data were analyzed and explained through Structural Equation Models. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, a 5-factor structure explaining 76,612% of the total variance was obtained. These factors were named as norm, intention, result awareness, purchasing behavior and planning. These factors were found to have validity, reliability and internal consistency. In addition, it was investigated whether the factors were compatible with the fit indices by means of Confirmatory Factor Analysis. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, it was determined that the obtained factors met the fit indices values. As a result of Confirmatory Factor Analysis, it was determined that the obtained factors met the fit index values. The effect of the factors on the relationship between each other and the waste behavior were measured by means of the path analysis. As a result of this study, although consumers have positive statements regarding consequence awareness, intent and norms, they have been determined to be unstable in planning and purchasing. Besides, although there was a direct effect of intent and result awareness on waste behavior, it was determined that planning and norms had indirect effects. Considering that the intention is the most influential factor on waste behavior, it should be focused on the activities that will create result awareness in society.