Land use management requires controlling natural resources for sustainability. Soil erosion related to improper land use is a major issue around the world. Land degradation may harm the health of ecosystems. Defining the soil loss in a basin is the starting point in the restoration of soil quality for crop production. Reducing soil losses to a tolerable rate is one of the primary objectives for sustainability and soil conservation. Central Anatolia is under considerable risk due to an increase in the cultivation of marginal lands for food production. Cultivated lands have already been reached the final limits throughout the last 50 years. Moreover, forests and considerable areas of pasture have recently been converted to ploughed fields due to agricultural expansion. This study was conducted in the Sarısu basin to evaluate soil losses and land use management for sustainability. The Universal Soil Loss Equation model and Geographic Information System techniques were used to estimate the soil losses. The mean potential soil loss of the basin was calculated to be 1.88 t ha-1 per year with the Universal Soil Loss Equation model. These results are comparatively small when compared to the average value for Turkey of 13 t ha-1 yearly. Our calculated results are closer to the value for the Sakarya river basin, which is approximately 2.77 t ha-1 y-1. In this study, land usages in the Sarısu basin were evaluated in terms of soil losses, tolerable soil loss rates and soil conservation precautions.

The foam mat drying is one of drying methods applied to produce powdered food in the food industry. Foam mat drying, which is better than other methods of drying in terms of drying time and cost, is used to convert powder form of various foods such as fruit, milk and seafood. The formation of the foam structure is provided with foaming agents and/or stabilizers. The surface area and drying efficiency of food product increase with conversion to foam structure. In this review, knowledge about the process conditions applied during the process of converting the food into powder form by foam drying method, the obtained product properties and the applicability of foam mat drying to various foods are presented.

Probiyotikler tüketicinin sağlığı üzerinde olumlu etkileri olan mikroorganizmalardır. Probiyotik uygulamalarının sağlık üzerine etkileri hakkında yapılmış pekçok araştırma bulunmaktadır. En yaygın kullanılan probiyotik bakteriler; bifidobakteriler ve laktobasiller, laktokoklar ve streptokoklar gibi laktik asit bakterileridir. İnsanlar için probiyotik olarak kullanılan mikroorganizmalar arasında ayrıca mayalar, basiller ve enterokoklar da bulunmaktadır. Probiyotik mayalar son yıllarda bilim insanları için ilgi çekici bir alan olmuştur. Yapılan bazı çalışmalar Saccharomyces cinsine ait türlerin antibakteriyel ve probiyotik özelliklere sahip olabileceklerini göstermiştir. Saccharomyces boulardii yıllardır insanları farklı gastrointestinal rahatsızlıklarından korumak veya hastalıklardan iyileştirmek amacıyla probiyotik olarak kullanılan, patojenik olmayan bir mayadır. S. boulardii özellikle ilaç endüstrisinde genellikle liyofilize formda kullanılmaktadır. Yapılan bu derleme çalışmasında probiyotikler, mayaların probiyotik olma özellikleri ve probiyotik mayaların kullanım alanları hakkında bilgiler verilmiş ve bu alanda yapılan araştırmalardan örnekler sunulmuştur.

All around the world, particularly in developed countries, fresh potato consumption decreased while the consumption as fast food, snack and convenience food was increased. Potato processing industry has by-products such as cull potato, peel, pulp, and waste water. These by-products can be utilized for production of ethyl alcohol, single cell protein, microbial enzymes, lactic acid, organic fertilizer and bioethanol. The pulp obtained from the processing of potato for starch production can be considered as an energy source with starch content in animal nutrition. Recently, potato peel with the contents of bioactive compounds (chlorogenic, caffeic, gallic, protocatechuic acids) and their antioxidant and antimicrobial effects have been intensely focused on. Conversion of by-products of potato processing industry into value-added products is economically important. It was reviewed here by-products of potato processing industry and their evaluation in animal nutrition.

Dracocephalum moldavica L. has been used as both treatment of coronary heart disorders and food supplements. In the present study, determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content in methanol, ethanol and methanol/ethanol extracts of leaf was studied in Iranian Moldavian balm for the first time. Antioxidant activity of the studied plant was also measured. The methanol extract had the highest phenolic and flavonoid content, anthocyanin, DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging activity. The ethanol extract showed the least amount of all. The methanol/ethanol extract showed the highest amount in two oxides including nitric and superoxide radical scavenging activities; it also showed the highest Ferric Reducing Ability Power. The obtained chromatograms of the plant using High Performance Liquid Chromatography showed that the highest and the lowest found phenolic compounds were caffeic acid and vanilic acid, respectively. The results show that this plant is a suitable natural antioxidant to reduce the oxidative stress in human being.

High vacuum steam distillation, simultaneous distillation extraction, steam distillation, purge and trap methods are used for sample preparation in volatile component analysis. Since these methods are difficult and costly to implement, these methods have left their place to the solid phase microextraction technique. Extraction conditions such as extraction temperature, extraction time, sample volume and fiber type should be optimized in order to increase the efficiency of extraction in volatile component analysis with solid phase microextraction in foods. In the optimization of extraction conditions in volatile component analysis of foods, studies have been carried out to utilize the response surface method, which reduces the number of experiments and also examines the interaction effect of the independent variables. In this review, it is aimed to give information about current studies using response surface methodology in optimization of volatile compound analysis of foods using solid phase microextraction technique.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of Bayvarol®, Fumidil-B®, Neo-Terramycin® on adult honeybee lifespan. Total twenty honeybee colonies were used and randomly divided into four groups (each group consisted of five colonies). Experimental groups: Bayvarol ®, Fumidil-B® and Neo-Terramycin® were treated to first, second and third groups, respectively. No treatment was done to forth group taken as control group. A hundred one day old worker bees were taken from each group and marked with different colors and numbered on the thorax. After the marked, all worker bees were given into the observation hive. Marked worker bees were controlled and counted daily. Statistical analysis of data was done by variance analysis method and between groups comparisons were done with Duncan's multiple range tests. Average lifespans of the first, second, third and control groups were 44.97±4.90, 46.86±6.56, 45.38±6.12 and 47.72±6.06 days, respectively. There were found statistically significant differences among average lifespan of first, second, third and control groups. This study showed that some drugs used to treat diseases and pests reasoned a negative effect on the lifespan of honeybees.

In this paper, we investigate the causal relationship in terms of labor productivity among GDP and its constituent three main sectors, e.g. agricultural, industrial and services sectors, in Turkey for the period of 1988-2015. In the study we employed Granger causality/block exogeneity Wald test, Impulse Response and Variance Decomposition analysis. The results showed that both agriculture and industry have positive effects on the labor productivity in services sector, and industry has a positive effect on the labor productivity in agriculture sector, while industrial labor productivity is not affected by the others. The main aim of the paper is examine the question of whether agriculture could serve as an engine of growth. Accordingly, the results indicated that labor productivity in agriculture sector increased during the course of study, and contributed to the labor productivity in services sector, as well. To our knowledge, although this method has been applied in various areas, sectoral causality has not been studied for Turkey before.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the phenolic profiles and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and gastro-protective activities of Cnicus benedictus L., a type of milk thistle cultivated in Turkey. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity was measured to determine antioxidant capacity. The anti-urease and anti-xanthine oxidase activities were used to determine the gastro-protective and anti-inflammatory potential of the plant extracts, respectively. The TPC was 337.40 and 635.10 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g and TFC was 41.05 -119.12 mg of quercetin equivalents (QE)/100 g in the root and leaf extracts, respectively. The root and leaf extracts of Cnicus benedictus L., were exhibited different inhibition values against both of the enzymes. The inhibition effect of the both enzymes were calculated as IC50 (mg/mL) in terms of 50% inhibition of the enzymes. The xanthine oxidase activity of the leaf and root was 18.53 and 19.75 mg/mL and the urease activity were 2.29 mg/mL and 11.53 mg/mL, respectively. Fifteen phenolic compounds were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV). Vanillic, silibinin B, ferulic acid and rutin were found major amount of the plant. In conclusion, the plant have high potential beneficial nutraceuticals and consumption of the together with its roots and leafs will be beneficial in terms of nutrition.

Chloropropanols are known as undesired food contaminants liberated during the processing of various food products. When the adverse effects of chloropropanols, especially 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD) and glycidols along with their esters were first understood, the studies about the detection and mitigation of these compounds were accelerated. 3-MCPD, which was detected in food products in higher amounts when compared to other chloropropanols, usually occurs during refining process of vegetable oils, especially in deodorisation step. The novel methods in terms of the analysis of 3-MCPD and other chloropropanols are continuously updated. However, there are two basic methods today namely direct and indirect methods. Direct methods enable to detect all of the esters individually, yet, due to the necessity of a huge number of reference standards, indirect methods are currently more preferred. The first essential step of reducing chloropropanols in food products is to determine the proper analysis method. In this review, general information, new developments in analysis methods, mitigation studies and the toxigolocial data about various chloropropanols were summarized.