Bu çalışmanın amacı, Zaman serileri analizi yöntemiyle Orta Doğu Ülkelerinin su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinin 2030 yılı için gelecek tahmini yapmaktır. Ayrıca, Orta Doğu ülkeleri için temel bileşen analizi (PCA) ve hiyerarşik küme analizi (HCA) yöntemleri ile su ürünleri üretim, ithalat, ihracat ve tüketim verilerine dayalı bir sınıflandırma ve kümeleme yapmaktır. FAO (Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü)’nun 1950-2016 yılları arasındaki Orta Doğu ülkelerine ait su ürünleri istatistiklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bu verilere zaman serileri, Kümeleme ve Faktör analizi uygulanmıştır. Zaman serisi analizi sonucuna göre mevcut durum devam ederse, su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği Kuveyt, Libya ve Suriye’de sona erecektir. Diğer ülkelerinde 2030 yılı için üretim miktarları en düşük Ürdün ve en yüksek Mısır için tahmin edilmiştir. Buna göre, Orta Doğu ülkelerinde toplam su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği üretim miktarı 2030 yılında 4,8 milyon ton olacağı tahmin edilmiştir. PCA’ ne göre PC1 için sırasıyla Kıbrıs, Irak, İsrail, Ürdün, Kuveyt, Lübnan, Suudi Arabistan, Türkiye ve Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri iken, PC2 için Cezayir, Mısır, İran, Umman, Tunus ve Yemen için yüksek oranda ilişkili bulunmuştur. HCA’ne göre ilk küme Ürdün, Lübnan, Kuveyt, Kıbrıs, Irak iken 2. Kümede İsrail, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Cezayir, Tunus, Umman ve Yemen, 3. Kümede Suudi Arabistan, 4. Kümede ise İran, Türkiye ve Mısır’dan oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, Orta Doğu ülkelerinin su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği tür bazında daha ayrıntılı olarak incelenmelidir. Ayrıca ülkelerin su ürünleri politikalarında gerekli düzenlemeler için tavsiye edilmektedir.

Tokat is one of the developing provinces in terms of urbanism. Therefore, the land use changes city-wide which closely affects soil erosion. Numerical estimation of soil erosion is very important to prevent soil losses. In this study, USLE and WEPP Hillslope model were used to estimate the long-term soil losses in a slope area which used to be a pasture land and then turned into a fruit orchard in Büyükbeybağı area of Tokat province. Erosion sensitivity of the soil in the slope area was detected to be very low. Erosivity value of the area is low, soil is resistant to erosion due to pasture land use type and fruit orchard use type does not require intense soil cultivation practices. For all these reasons, both estimation technologies estimated soil losses of the land to be low.

Urban green spaces can be a comprehensive tool to ensure the sustainability of cities. The sustainability of green areas in planning, design, implementation, maintenance and operation processes contributes to the sustainable development of cities as well. There are many ways to ensure that green areas are sustainable from a social, economic and ecological point of view. These include the construction and use of compost under recycling and re-evaluation. The wastes generated as a result of periodic maintenance in urban green areas are disposed together with other wastes in solid waste storage area. However, the use of organic wastes in composting can ensure that green areas are sustainable by reducing both recycling and periodic maintenance costs of green areas. The aim of this study is to improve the idea of recycling and re-evaluation of organic wastes which are emerged in green areas by composting and using them in green areas. For this purpose, a model for composting and replacing fertilizer from organic wastes emerged in green areas of Konya was proposed. Thus, the costs of green areas with very high design, implementation and maintenance expenses will be reduced and they will be sustainable within themselves. The sustainability of urban green spaces will also contribute to Konya's urban sustainability.

Viticulture preserved its significance from the past to the present that have been ruled in all civilization the region of Van. The presence of carbonized grape seeds in the remains of the Early Iron Age tombs and cities gives information about the history of grape cultivation in Van and its vicinities. However, many of the local varieties described by the elderly are now unfortunately not seen in large areas. Some of the genotypes are no longer encountered, while many genotypes are observed in a few vineyards with a few vines. The grape genetic resources except Erciş variety in the region are threatened with extinction. In spite of many ecological factors that restrict crop production in the region, vineyard has existed for thousands of years and urgent precautions have to be taken to protect this genetic heritage bearing grape landraces close to standard genotypes. The region has been investigated by many researchers for many years and the determined local varieties have been investigated in detail in terms of morphological and pomological characteristics, chemical contents and nutrients and defined in terms of molecular or ampelographic aspects in different studies. With this review, it is aimed to recover the knowledge of these genotypes in a single study in using scientific studies made up to this day in the region. So that it is aimed to lead the steps to be taken in the establishment of a gene pool composed of these local varieties which are under the risk of extinction is increasing day by day. The study also includes information on local adaptations of some standard grape cultivars that have been planted in previous years.

Fındık yılda yaklaşık 2 milyar dolarlık ihracat geliri ile ülkemiz için önem arz etmektedir. Dünyada üretilen toplam fındığın yaklaşık %65 i ülkemizde hasat edilmektedir. Uygun iklim koşulları ve çok nitelikli olmayan dağlık arazide yetişmesi dolayısıyla Ordu, Giresun ve Trabzon illerinde fındık dikili alanların korunması ve geliştirilmesi öncelikli konular arasında yerini almaktadır. Bu bölgede makineli tarıma geçilmemesi veya yaygınlaşmaması nedenleriyle üretim maliyetleri diğer illerle ve yurtdışı ile kıyaslandığında yüksek seviyelerde bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada fındık durum analizi, hasat makinelerinin sınıflandırılması, makineli hasata geçilmesinin gerekliliği ve tarım bakımından daha az nitelikli olan eğimli ve dağlık arazilerde fındık tarımının sürdürülebilirliği üzerinde durulmuştur.

In the drier farming regions of the world, where crop production is constrained by short growing period, unpredictable and short rainfall with sporadic run-off, in-situ rainwater harvesting is vital for successful crop production. In connection to this, a study was conducted in Fedis district of Oromia region during the main rainy seasons of 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the effects of in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques (Ridge Furrow (RF), Contour Ridge (CR), and Tied Ridge (TR)) on soil moisture conservation and grain yield of maize. A spilt-plot design was used and soil moisture content was measured at three growth stages of the crop to a depth of 60 cm with 20 cm interval. The results showed that water harvesting techniques significantly increased moisture conservation compared to the control, which was flat bed preparation. Averaged over the three stages, the TR, CR and RF treatments increased soil moisture storage by 134.59, 128.57, and 121.87%, respectively, compared to the control. The study also revealed that the in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques, due to the improved soil moisture storage, significantly affected grain yield of the maize. Averaged over the two years, the TR, CR, and FR increased the grain yield 143.14, 131.47 and 121.16%, respectively, over the control treatment. Therefore, in drier environments, such as Fedis, in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques can be recommended for better moisture conservation and subsequent improvement in crop production.

Endemism is an important criterion for identification of floristic regions and determination of floristic properties of these regions. Turkey is one of the world’s major countries in terms of endemism over 3.000 endemic plant species. This study was carried out in order to determine the floristic composition and endemic plant species on the serpentine and marble (metamorphic rocks) parent material in semi-arid garssland in Çankırı-Eldivan. For this reason plant samples were collected in different growing season in 2014 (month of between April- September), approximately 4ha (Marble, 3.88 ha; Serpentine, 0.08 ha) area in Çankırı-Eldivan. Study area is located A4 square according to the grid system of P.H. Davis (1965-1988) and Irano-Turanian region in phytogeographic respect. As a result of the plant sampling carried out in the area; 16 families, 27 genera, 31 species determined in serpentine parent material. Among of these plants 9 of them are endemic plant. Endemism rate of the serpentine area is 29%. In addition, 20 families, 58 genera, 72 species of plants have been identified in marble parent material and 14 plant taxa of these species endemic. Endemism ratio is 19%. Results of this study showed that parent material effects of plant diversity and endemism ratio.

In every year, Subclinical mastitis (SCM) frequently occurs and results huge economic losses in livestock industry of Bangladesh. This study was redacted to estimate the present status of SCM in cow in selective area of Barisal district. For determining sub-clinical mastitis, a total of 152 milk samples of clinically suspected cows were subjected to White Side Test (WST) and Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT). Specifically, the milk samples of each individual cows which were positive to both WST and SFMT considered as SCM indicating 35.52% prevalence. Other than the local breed cows, the cross bred cows showed significantly higher prevalence, is 47.06%. In consideration to age variation, highest prevalence was observed at 5 to 7 years of age in both types where cross breed was 54.71% and 36.67% for local breed cows. Though highest prevalence was recorded as 34.78% in 2nd parity of local breed cows but the cross breed cows showed highest prevalence 54.55% in their 3rd parity. Afterward, non-pregnant cows showed the insignificantly higher prevalence (41.06%) than pregnant cows were 26.32%. Additionally, this study reported that the cross breed cows yielding more than 10 liters of milk (prevalence was 61.54%) were more prone to SCM than the others and also >5 to 10 liters milk producing local breed cows (prevalence was 31.03%) were more susceptible to SCM than others. In a short, this study revealed that high milk yielding cross breed cows are more likely to SCM after their 3rd calving.

Bu çalışmada yaygın nanolif elde etme yöntemi olan elektroeğirme yöntemi ile Maclura pomifera meyve özütü kullanılarak kitosan-etilendiamin tatraasetik asit/polivinilalkol (CS-EDTA/PVA) polimerleri ile nanolif sentezlenmiştir. Elde edilen nanoliflerin yapısı ve çapları taramalı elektron mikroskopu (SEM) kullanılarak görüntülenmiştir. Kimyasal bağlanma özellikleri ise Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektroskopisi (FT-IR) ile belirlenmiştir. Nanolifin sıcaklığa bağlı kütle değişimi Termogravimetrik Analiz (TGA) analizi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın son aşamasında ise özüt ve nanolifin toplam fenolik madde içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Nanolife ait toplam fenolik madde içeriklerinin zamana bağlı olarak değişimleri incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar Maclura pomifera yüklü nanolifin oluştuğunu göstermiştir. Bu nanolifin sıcaklığa dayanıklı bir yapısı olduğunu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca fenolik bileşiklerin özütten az miktarda nanolife geçtiği ancak nanolif oluştuktan sonra toplam fenolik madde miktarlarında önemli bir değişiklik olmadığı belirlenmiştir.

Heat requirements in greenhouses are calculated considering greenhouse type, the climate of the region and temperatures desirable for plant growth. Calculations made according to daily average temperature values lead to misleading results during periods when temperatures are high and under conditions when greenhouse temperature is kept low. For this reason, determining heat requirements according to hourly values provides more accurate results. Calculations of heat requirements in greenhouses are based on the difference between the desired temperature in the greenhouse and the outside temperature. However, in unheated greenhouses and those that are not ventilated until a specific temperature, actual temperature values are higher than outside temperatures. For this reason, heat requirement calculations should be made according to hourly climate values taking into account actual temperature in the greenhouse and temperature rise resulting from greenhouse specifications. This study aims to compare the amounts of fuel consumed under real conditions with fuel consumption calculated with conventional methods using inside and outside temperature difference and considering the above mentioned inconveniences. Daily fuel consumption calculated theoretically differs from actual consumption values. However, in comparisons based on fuel amounts consumed on an annual basis, best results were obtained when temperature rise in the greenhouse was taken into consideration. In the event that temperature rise is taken into consideration, a 3% difference is observed between calculated fuel consumption and actual fuel consumption.