This research was conducted during 2016-2017 awheat growing season to investigate the effects of different rates of seed coating of an organic acid mixture (citric acid, glutamate, and proline) on yield and quality of wheat. The field experiments were established in Dogankent and Haciali locations of Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute in Turkey. Study was carried out with randomised complete block design with 4 replications and Ceyhan-99 bread wheat variety was used as seed material. Before seeding, wheat seeds were coated with organic acid mixture product (0.75% citric acid, 0.25% glutamate, 0.25% proline, 2% Zn and 96.75 water), in three different doses (500 ml ton-1, 1 l ton-1, 1.5 l ton-1) to compare with control (uncoated). There were statistically significant differences at 5% level in 1000 grain weight and grain yield values in Dogankent location and 1000 grain weight, grain yield and number of spikes in Hacialilocation. Highest yield values were obtained from 500 ml t-1 application dose for both locations. With 500 ml t-1 application dose at Dogankent location, grain yield was 11.9 t ha-1 which was 8.97% higher over control. In Hacali location, 500 ml t-1 application dose was increased yield by 15.96% compared to control which resulted with 10.5 t ha-1 grain yield. No statistically significant difference was observed in quality characteristics (protein, gluten, hardiness and sedimentation) in trials.

Bazı nane türlerinin (Mentha piperita, Menta spicata ve Mentha longifolia) tarımsal özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılan bu çalışma, 2016-2017 yıllarında Ordu Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi deneme alanında, “Şansa Bağlı Parseller Deneme Planına” göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada bitki boyu, taze herba verimi, drog herba verimi, taze yaprak verimi ve drog yaprak verimi, uçucu yağ verimi ve uçucu yağ oranı gibi özellikler incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın birinci yılında M. piperita ve M. spicata’da iki, M. longifolia’ da dört biçim; araştırmanın ikinci yılında M. piperita’ da bir, M. spicata’da iki, M. longifolia’ da dört biçim yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, bitki boyu bakımından türler arasında sadece ilk yıl birinci biçimde fark belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın birinci yılında Mentha piperita’da toplam taze herba verimi 2.442,73 kg/da, toplam drog herba verimi 585,70 kg/da, toplam taze yaprak verimi 1.120,67 kg/da, toplam drog yaprak verimi 266,87 kg/da, toplam uçucu yağ verimi 6,40 lt/da olarak tespit edilmiştir. İkinci yıl ise Mentha spicata türü toplam taze herba verimi (920,37 kg/da), toplam drog herba verimi (247,93 kg/da), toplam taze yaprak verimi (502,5 kg/da) ve toplam drog yaprak verimi (149,93 kg/da) bakımından öne çıkmıştır. M. longifolia türü toplam uçucu yağ verimi bakımından 2017 araştırma yılında 3,47 lt/da ile diğer türlerin önüne geçmiş, toplam uçucu yağ oranı yönünden ise her iki araştırma yılında da (3,48 lt/da ve 3,19 lt/da) ilk sırada yer almıştır.

The paper aims consists of modelling the cotton price index in China to determine the dependency of the previous increase in cotton prices on stocks and imports of cotton in the internal market during the sample period from 1991 to 2014. The paper opted for an empirical study using the time-series Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) framework. The paper provides empirical insights about the innovation of cotton price in domestic market of the China. It suggests that there are bidirectional relationships among the price and the stock in a system. It suggests also that cotton imports serve a significant role in the price index of current trends relative to future stocks. Thus, we concluded that the previous high cotton prices in China were attributed to the previous need to increase cotton stocks but not directly via the import of cotton; however, the latter may have a significant role in the future.

The effects of raw and leached cocoa bean hulls were investigated as a fat replacer in pound cakes. This substitution was applied for raw (RCBH) and leached (LCBH) grinded cacao bean hulls/oil in the ratios of 30/70 (30%), 40/60 (40%) and 50/50 (50%). Chemical, physical and sensorial properties of raw and leached cocoa bean hulls were studied as well as fat substituted cakes. Ash, protein, total phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity decreased with leaching process. Crude fiber content increased in fat substituted cakes compared to control cake. RCBH cakes showed higher bioactive components than LCBH cakes because of raw cocoa bean hulls were higher phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activities than leached cocoa bean hulls. The results showed that 50% of vegetable oil replacement with raw cocoa bean hull in cake formulation significantly improved chemical, physical and sensory properties of fat substituted cakes.

Bu çalışmada Adıyaman/Kahta İlçesinin önemli tarım ürünlerinden patlıcan, biber, domates ve hıyarın üretim maliyetlerinin hesaplanması, bunun yanında kullanılan girdilerin parasal değerlerini ortaya konması, gayri safi üretim değerlerinin belirlenmesi ve ürün kârlılıklarının karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Veriler 2016 yılı üretim dönemine aittir. Analizde basit istatistiki yöntemler kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda 2016 yılında patlıcan, biber, domates ve hıyarın maliyetleri sırasıyla 0,68 TL/kg; 0,81 TL/kg, 0,59 TL/kg ve 0,52 TL/kg olarak hesaplanmıştır. Üretim maliyetlerinin yaklaşık yarısını, emek ve gübre maliyetleri oluşturmaktadır. İncelenen ürünlerin karlılıklarının karşılaştırılması, brüt kâr, net kâr ve nispi kâr hesaplanarak yapılmıştır. Brüt kârı en yüksek ürün biber (2415,00 TL/da), en düşük ürün ise hıyar (582,50 TL/da) olarak saptanmıştır. İlçede ayrıca yoğun yetiştirilen ürünlerden olan patlıcanın brüt karı (2249,50 TL/da) ve domatesin brüt kârı ise 975,75 TL/da olarak bulunmuştur. Net kar; biberde 2245,17 TL/da patlıcanda 2079,74 TL/da domateste 801,60 TL/da ve hıyarda 405,53 TL/da olarak hesaplanmıştır. İşletmelerin yatırdıkları bir TL karşılığında elde ettikleri parayı gösteren nispi kârı en yüksek ürün; biber (3,10)’dir. Nispi karı en düşük ürün 1,34 ile hıyarda belirlenmiştir. İncelenen ürünlerden patlıcanın nispi karı 2,95 ve domatesin nispi karı 1,70 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yörede özellikle sulu tarımın yaygınlaşmasıyla söz konusu ürünlerin yetiştiriciliğinin gelişeceği ve tarımsal gelirin önemli derecede artacağı öngörülmektedir.

The present study was conducted in the province of Duhok (Northern Iraq) between 2011-2012. The study attempted to determine the use of certain indigenous and cultivated plants in Duhok province in alternative medicine and place of these plants in systematics. Thus, 49 taxa in 27 genera and 46 species were identified. Two taxa belonged to Coniferophyta, one belonged to Pteridophyta and 46 belonged to Magnoliophyta dividions. It was determined that the family with the most numerous taxa in the region was Rosaceae with 5 taxa, followed by the Fabaceae and Lamiaceae family with 4 taxa and Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae and Poaceae family with 3 taxa each. Certain ethnobotanical features of the identified taxa, such as systematics, habitats, flowering times, local names and alternative uses in medicine were presented.

In this research, a preliminary study was carried out in January and February 2014 to determine the fecundity of the whiting species in Tirebolu, Eastern Black Sea. After the total length (cm) and weight (0.01 g) of the 70 fish specimens were measured in the laboratory, they were dissected for sex determination. Using the 20 ovaries at the third and fourth maturation stages, 3 sub-samples which is 2-5% of the total ovary weight (from the anterior, median and posterior parts of the ovary) were taken from each ovary to determine the fecundity, and hydrated oocytes were counted with gravimetric method. Total fecundity, total oocytes number in the ovary were computed with the formula F=(n×G)/g. The total length-weight values were 12.6-23.3 cm (mean 17.08±2.12) and 15.59-95.72 g (mean 41.07 ± 16.75), respectively, and total length-weight relationship was computed as W=0.0073L3.024 (R2=0.94) for the 70 fishes evaluated. Fecundity was computed as 3.247-30.534 (mean: 10.139±6.953) eggs and a linear relationship between fecundity and total length was calculated as F=0.0186L4.5631 (R2=0.70). In conclusion, the fecundity results of this prelaminar study were compared with similar studies on the whiting species from Black Sea and other seas.

Effects of storage duration, soaking time and parboiling temperature on cooking properties (cooking time, water uptake ratio, solid loss, cooked kernel length, and amylose) of Ofada rice was determined and optimised using response surface methodology. Storage duration, soaking time and parboiling temperature were 1, 5, and 9 months; 1, 3, and 5 days; and 80, 100, and 120°C. Data were analysed by ANOVA and regression analysis. The cooking time ranged between 14-38 min, water uptake ratio (WUR) 2.51-4.61, solid loss 1.47-4.78%, cooked kernel length 6.32-11.90 and amylose 17.34-26.28%. There exist significant differences in the cooking properties. The coefficient R2 ranged between 0.97-0.75 which is a positive indicator of the model fitness. Storage duration and parboiling temperature influenced cooking except in solid loss and cooked kernel length respectively. Effect of soaking time was found prominent in WUR and solid loss. Optimum treatment for quality cooking properties are storage of paddy for 5 months, soaking for 18h and parboiling at 80°C to yield 20 min cooking time, 4.22 water uptake ratio, 4.11% solid loss, 10.58 mm cooked kernel length and 25.08% amylose. The validated experiment yielded 21.41 min, 3.99, 2.73%, 8.20 mm and 26.39% for cooking time, water uptake ratio, solid loss, cooked kernel length and amylose respectively.

The traditional fermented food consumption has become very popular because of the increasing public concern about food additives. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) species have traditionally been used as starter cultures in the production of fermented food. LAB can acquire antibiotic resistance from other bacteria in the natural environment and different resistant mechanisms via mutation. The resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is an increasingly important public health problem worldwide. In this study, antibiotic resistance of 115 Streptocoocus thermophilus and 35 Lactobacillus bulgaricus isolates obtained from traditional Turkish yogurts were tested against kanamycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, ampicillin, rifampicin, tetracycline, vancomycin and gentamicin using disc diffusion method. Study results showed that most strains were susceptible to all the antibiotics tested while a few of them were determined to be resistant only to kanamycin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. When contacted in a human body, resistant strains might transfer the related genes to the pathogenic species, which may result in devastating consequences.

Karabuğday (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench ve Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn), bileşiminde yüksek oranda protein, diyet lif, vitamin, mineral madde, temel çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri bulundurmakta, başta rutin olmak üzere önemli antioksidanlar ve fenolik bileşenler için kaynak oluşturmaktadır. Protein biyo-yararlılığının yüksek olmasının yanı sıra gluten içermemesi nedeni ile çölyak hastalarının beslenmesine uygun, besleyici değeri yüksek önemli bir alternatif olmaktadır. Karabuğday, çeşitli yöresel ürünlerde ham bileşen olarak yer alıp insan beslenmesindeki yerini günümüze kadar korumuştur. Beslenmedeki öneminin ve sağlık üzerine olumlu etkilerinin son yıllarda yeniden keşfedilmesiyle birlikte beslenmede ve birçok gıda formülasyonunda önemli bir bileşen olarak artan bir popülerlik ile kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, karabuğdayın kimyasal bileşimi ve karabuğday kullanılarak geliştirilen gıdalar hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.