Recently, the use of camel milk has increased as a new and alternative animal protein source for human consumption. However, there are some differences in the composition of camel milk compared with other kind of milk sources. One of these differences is that camel milk contains in high concentrations of antimicrobial agents such as lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase and immunoglobulins. In many studies, it was reported that camel milk is not suitable for production of fermented milk especially for yoghurt due to the high concentration of antimicrobial substances. The aim of this study, to investigate suitability of the mixture of camel milk with different ratio of cow, sheep and goat milk for yoghurt production. After preparing of milk mixtures heat treated at 90°C for 15 minutes the mixtures were cooled to 45°C. The starter culture (YC 350) was added and incubated at 42°C until the pH reached 4.7. During fermentation every hour the pH, SH and viscosity were measured. According to the results of analysis in which the highest viscosity and the fastest pH drop, mixtures were chosen as optimum points for yoghurt production. In these optimum points yoghurt production were performed and all of the samples were stored for 1., 7., 14. and 28. days at 4°C. During the storage, water holding capacity and syneresis analyses were conducted. According to the results, the optimum mixture was determined at 80% :20%cow milk:camel milk mixture. However, after 4 weeks of storage it was concluded that an increase in the syneresis and a decrease in water holding capacity (%) were found for yoghurt obtained from 80% :20:% cow-camel milk mixture.

Bu çalışmada 8. hafta canlı ağırlık tartımlarına göre sınıflandırılarak büyütülen kazların 16. hafta kesim yaşında performans özellikleri ile göğüs ve but etinde renk ve pH değerlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya günlük 478 adet palaz ile (dişi-erkek karışık) başlanmıştır. 8. Haftada canlı ağırlığa göre sınıflandırma (hafif, orta ağır, ağır) yapıldıktan sonra 270 adet kaz (dişi-erkek karışık) ile çalışmaya devam edilmiştir. 10. ve 16. haftalarda, ağır grupta canlı ağırlığın daha yüksek olduğu ve hafif grupta ise canlı ağırlık artışının daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yemden yararlanma oranı da hafif ve orta ağır grupta daha düşük bulunmuştur. Ayak ve but ağırlığı ile göğüs pH değeri ağır grupta, abdominal yağ ağırlığı ve oranı orta ağır grupta, baş oranı hafif grupta daha yüksek tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, sınıflandırmalı büyütmenin hafif grupta canlı ağırlık artışı üzerine etkisi olumludur. Kaz yetiştiriciliğinde hedef kesim canlı ağırlıklarına üniform olarak ulaşmak için bu yöntemden faydalanılabilir.

This study presents a new sex pheromone trap for European Grapevine Moth, Lobesia botrana, to monitor its field population without direct field observations in Turkey. The study was conducted in Hadim and Taşkent (Konya) districts in 2016. Viticulture has been carried out for many years in both districts where the maximum vineyards are located. Due to the distance to the center and the difficulty of transportation to these districts, there has not been conducted any detailed studies until today. Therefore, this study about L. botrana, which is harmful in these vineyards, was planned. In order to monitor the pest population, the cameras were placed onto the pheromone traps, and it was tried to get information about the population development of the pest via internet without going to the vineyards. For this purpose, four locations in Hadim and one location in Taşkent district were selected and one pheromone trap was established in each location before the bud burst in vineyards. The camera was placed on each pheromone trap and was linked with vMEyeIPC program via internet. The time of first adult flight and the population development of adult L. botrana were determined. The first adult flight began at the beginning (7/4/2016) and in the middle of April (15/4/2016) in Hadim and Taşkent, respectively. The number of offspring and the maximum number of pest individuals caught in traps were recorded in vineyards in both districts.

Bu çalışma, farklı olgunlaşma sürelerine sahip bazı patates çeşitlerinin Isparta koşullarında verim performansları ile hasat sonrası depo davranışları ve depoda kalite değişimlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2018 yılında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada ülkemizde yaygın olarak tarımı yapılan Agria, Agata, Alegria, Desiree, Granola, Hermes, LadyAnna, Marabel, Morfona ve Russet Burbank patates çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada çeşitlerin arazi koşullarında verim performansları belirlendikten sonra her çeşitten alınan yumru örnekleri 6-8°C sıcaklıkta 6 ay süreyle depolanmıştır. Çeşitlerin yumru verimleri 2.860-5.331 kg/da, vejetasyon süreleri ise 97,7-146,6 gün arasında değişmiştir. Depolama sürecinde yumruların %50’sinde dormansinin kırılması için geçen süreler 23,3-111,6 gün arasında değişmiş, erkenci çeşitlerde dormansi daha erken kırılmıştır. Çalışmada 6 aylık depolama devresi sonunda çeşitlerin %4,13 ile %6,48 oranında ağırlık kaybettikleri saptanmıştır. Çeşitlerin depolama süresine bağlı olarak nişasta oranları, indirgen şeker içerikleri ve parmak patates verimleri değişkenlik göstermekle birlikte depolama süresi boyunca genellikle azalma göstermiştir. Araştırmada kullanılan patates çeşitlerinin depolama sürecinde parmak patates ve sofralık kalitelerinde önemli değişimlerin olduğu, cips sanayisine uygun olmayan, düşük kuru madde oranına sahip çeşitler ile erkenci özellikteki çeşitlerin depoda ağırlık ve kalite kayıplarının daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada patates çeşitlerinin dormansi süreleri ile olgunlaşma özelliklerinin depo kalitesine önemli derecede etki gösterdiği ve bu nedenle patates depolamasında çeşit özelliklerinin dikkate alınarak depo süresinin belirlenmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Lamiaceae familyasına ait adaçayı ve dağ çayı Türkiye’de ticari öneme sahip tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerdir. Bu çalışmada, tuzlu koşullarda farklı selenyum dozlarının, adaçayı (Salvia officinalis L.) ve dağ çayı (Sideritis sp.)’nın morfolojik özellikleri üzerine etkilerini değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Tuzsuz (0) ve tuzlu (250 mM NaCI/l) ortamda ve dört farklı selenyum dozu (5, 10, 20, 40 mg/l) uygulanmıştır. Deneme bölünmüş parseller deneme deseninde üç tekrarlı olarak Tarla Bitkileri bölümü iklim odasında yürütülmüştür. İncelenen özellikler değerlendirildiğinde; adaçayında bitki boyu 15,56-23,85 cm, dal sayısı 10,50-12,78 adet/bitki, yaprak sayısı 52,78-92,00 adet/bitki, yaş yaprak ağırlığı 2,48-7,51 g/bitki, kuru yaprak ağırlığı 0,48-3,32 g/bitki, yaş kök ağırlığı 1,52-7,16 g/bitki, kuru kök ağırlığı 0,19-1,24 g/bitki, kök uzunluğu 26,18-36,07 cm, yaş gövde ağırlığı 1,13-7,15 g/bitki ve kuru gövde ağırlığı ise 0,13-0,38 g/bitki arasında değişmiştir. Dağ çayında ise bitki boyu 3,26-5,93 cm, dal sayısı 2,50-6,33 adet/bitki, yaprak sayısı 28,22-91,14 adet/bitki, yaş yaprak ve kuru yaprak ağırlıkları 2,42-11,03 ve 0,45-1,91 g/bitki, yaş ve kuru kök ağırlıkları 0,71-3,97 ve 0,18-0,74 g/bitki, kök uzunluğu 14,78-33,26 cm, yaş ve kuru gövde ağırlıkları ise 0,29-2,28 ve 0,12-0,41 g/bitki olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, tuzlu koşullarda 5 mg/l selenyum uygulaması ile her iki bitkide de yaş yaprak ağırlıkları bakımından yüksek değerlere ulaşılmıştır. Bununla birlikte adaçayında kuru yaprak ağırlığı ile dağ çayında yaş kök ve yaş gövde ağırlıkları üzerine tuzlu koşullarda selenyum uygulamalarının olumlu etkilerinin olduğu saptanmıştır. Korelasyon analizi sonucunda ise her iki bitkide de incelenen özellikler bakımından özellikle dağ çayında kuru yaprak ağırlığı ile diğer özellikler arasında olumlu korelasyonlar bulunmuştur.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is commonly used as an antioxidant and antimicrobial additive during wine production. Nowadays, consumers preferred foods treated with natural preservatives. The aims this study was to determine the effects of different natural plant extracts as an alternative of sulphur dioxide used in wines. Wine production was done according to the accepted conventional method of red wines (Cabernet sauvignon). The experimental design was achieved by using different plant extracts (grape pomace, rosemary and blueberry) at different concentrations. As control groups were used wine samples produced without addition of SO2. At the end of production basic oenological analyses (total acidity, volatile acidity, pH, dry matter, ash, free and total SO2) and specific wine analyses (total phenols, total flavanols, tartaric ester content and antioxidant activity) were performed. Results demonstrated that each used plant exact have different effects on wine quality parameters. The lowest concentrations of grape pomace extract caused reduction of SO2 and keeping the required wine properties. The highest value of antioxidant activities and total phenols were determined in the wine treated with 25 mg/L SO2 and 1 ml/L rosemary extract (in the 1st mount of storage) and 25 mg/L SO2 and 1 ml/L grape pomace extract (in the 2nd and 3rd mount of storage) as 89.92%, 5550.48 mg/l GAE; 88.51%, 5028.65 mg/l GAE; 88.42%, 4974.25 mg/l GAE, respectively. Results emphasized the importance of used plant extracts and their concentrations. The study demonstrated the possibilities of optimization of SO2 and wines phenols on the base of used natural plant extracts.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of solid-state fermentation on the nutritional composition of cottonseed meal (CSM), sunflower meal (SFM) and hazelnut kernel meal (HKM). In this study, each feedstuff was divided into two treatment groups (unfermented and fermented) with five replicates. Nutritional changes in the feedstuffs were determined by analyzing crude protein, ether extract, ash, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber contents. Solid-state fermentation had effects on the nutritional composition in all feedstuffs. The best improvement in nutritional quality was obtained from the HKM with increasing the crude protein and decreasing the structural carbohydrates content. Fermented HKM can be considered as an alternative protein feed for soybean meal considering the nutritional composition.

Herbal medicine also called botanical or phyto-medicine refers to using a plant's seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. It is becoming more main stream as improvements in analysis and quality control along with advances in clinical research show the value of herbal medicine in the treating and preventing disease. This study was focused on a traditionally prepared and used a product consist of an oil complex (olive oil, Nigella sativa seed oil, rosemary oil); which were researched antimicrobial effect of the product alone, and each oil by disc diffusion methods. Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and yeasts were employed in the susceptibility tests. The antibiotics of imipenem and vancomycin were exploited as positive controls. While there wasn’t effect on Gram-negative bacteria, strong antimicrobial effects were observed on Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts. Nigella sativa seed oil was the most effective. There wasn’t antagonistic and/or synergetic effect for the oil complex product. Although essential oils may be assigned the same name, they may differ widely as antimicrobial agents due to the extraction method used, which may explain the distinctive antimicrobial results reported in different studies. This was the first study to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal effects of this herbal medicine.

Clearing of natural ecosystems and land degradation due to unsustainable agricultural practices are becoming threats to the sustainability and productivity of agricultural systems in Burie town administrative, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. The aim of this paper is therefore to assess the fruit tree species diversity in home garden agro-forestry and their role for supporting local people’s livelihoods in Burie town administration. Cultivated plants of 72 home gardens were surveyed and critical information were collected through questioner and focus group discussion from 12 households. Fruit tree species diversity (expressed in species richness and evenness) in home gardens in the study sites was determined using the Shannon-Weiner Index. The study basically considers the human consumption fruit trees species. A total of 18 fruit tree species represented by 9-genera and 7-families were recorded in home garden agro-forestry within the three wealth status (poor, medium, and rich) of the selected respondents commonly. From all wealth categories, the highest Shannon diversity index was recorded in rich and the lowest was in poor class category. Similarly, the highest species evenness was recorded in rich wealth category. However, there was no significant difference among rich and medium wealth categories for species richness. The study also revealed that age, land hold size, education status is the cause for species diversity in addition to the wealth status in the study area. Older respondents had significantly higher species richness and diversity than youngsters. It has been also found that almost all (100%) of the sampled households harvest and use at least four types of home garden products for various purposes. Lacks of management practices were the factors which puts the species diversity in question in the study area.