The Myrtle plant (Myrtus communis L.) is a plant species of the Myrtaceae family and a member of the maquis community, which naturally spreads in Mediterranean regions. Being resistant to arid conditions, the ecological distribution areas of the myrtle plant have been allowed to expand. The myrtle plant has been used of medicinal and aromatic plants, having interesting and beautiful flowers, and rich nutrient content of the fruit in terms of valuable phytochemicals, in particular, the nutritional content of its fruits and valuable metabolites have allowed the myrtle plant to be among the healthier foods. Antioxidant activity, which neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes many medical problems, is one of the most important features of the myrtle plant. Investigation of the biosynthesis of anthocyanin, which leads to antioxidant activity, and determination of the biosynthesis in different tissues and genotypes is important, especially in the development of production activities. Furthermore, this study aimed to investigate the anthocyanin biosynthesis in different genotypes with white and black fruits and various tissues of genotypes. For this purpose, the expression levels of CHS, CHI, F3H and PAL genes, which are involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, were determined by qRT-PCR. In the study, it was determined that there was an increase in the level of genes related to the biosynthesis of anthocyanin in the leaf and fruit tissues of the genotype with white fruits. It was determined that the expression level of genes related to the biosynthesis of anthocyanin was observed to be higher in the leaf and fruit tissues of the genotype with black fruits, and the highest gene expression level was found in black fruits. It was observed that anthocyanin biosynthesis was synthesized in different tissues of the plant, and anthocyanin biosynthesis was higher in fruits compared to leaves.

Processing tomato is an important agricultural crop worldwide suffering from genetic erosion due to a severe genetic diversity reduction and domestication hindrance. In Tunisia, some old underutilized tomato cultivars are increasingly being considered as genetic resources and are marginally used by small farmers constituting a real safety valve for the sustainability of the processing tomato value chain. Those tomato cultivars differ in their biometric, processing and functional quality attributes. Therefore, there is an increasing interest to examine their performances for processing and fresh market quality improvement. Recently, there was also a particular focus on improving the quality of fresh fruit via the introgression of high-pigment genes in processing tomato in order to obtain a high quality processed products. The results are important as large differences are highlighted and the main traits affecting tomato quality are also reported and clearly discussed. This suggest that maintaining of the existing genetic pools among cultivated tomato is as important as creating novel hybrids.

The key objective of this research review is to elucidate the mechanisms for applying a food safety scheme based on the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system and to identify the difficulties and benefits of this technique (HACCP) in Algeria. Characterization of food processing companies around the capital of Algeria was carried out on the basis of questionnaires and direct interviews with the manager in charge of these companies. Forty-six agri-food firms working in the Algiers region and operating in the field for more than 15 years (80.5%) with Joint Stock company (JSC) status (23.9%), Limited Liability Company (LLC) (63%) and multinational companies (26.1%). The establishment of a transparent and effective framework for food safety controls will enable compliance with customer requirements, improved product quality and a stronger commitment to food safety managers. This is favorably correlated with the age as well as the level of education of the managers of the different surveyed companies. The survey conducted in the Algerian region showed that the key barriers to the introduction of the food safety management system (FSMS) in general are inadequate knowledge and competence of the HACCP and a long time to be developed FSMS, a lack of expertise and technical support and a lack of specialized expertise, intelligence and technological assistance to help the small and medium-sized enterprises (SME). The findings of the survey also revealed that the key reason for the introduction of the FSMS is to strengthen product protection, recognize the strengths and shortcomings of the business, enhance relationships with suppliers and enhance government and consumer confidence.

Agricultural production have remained rudimentary despite many years’ of technology development and transfer; to reverse this declining trend, several agricultural policies and programmes aimed at ensuring sustainable production, improved income and farm expansion with added value output have become very germane. This study therefore analyzed tomato farmers’ participation in ASTC activities in Jos-south local Government Area of Plateau state, Nigeria. This study adopted multi stage sampling techniques. Primary was data collected from 80 respondents, during the 2017/2018 farming season and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, participation index, weighted average index analysis and Binary Logit regression. The result of the study revealed that 73.8% were male; 88.75% had access to extension contact. The estimated mean for educational training, household size, farm income and farming experience were 6 years; 8 people; ₦108,500/ha and 12 years respectively. Also, most (68.7%) of the farmers have low participation index of ≤0.45; this trend is responsible for the existing low farm productivity of this crop in the area. Furthermore, the benefits derived from participating in ASTC activities among the respondents were significant as indicated by their weighted average index. In addition, the estimated coefficient of multiple determination (R2) was 0.7602. Also, the coefficients of household size (0.421), education (0.559), experience (0.808), income (0.485) and extension contact (0.376) were statistically significant; implying that these factors in the regression model affected the likelihood of farmer’s decision to participate in ASTC activities. Adequate labour supply; establishment of pilot farms; capacity training; access to agricultural credit, extension services, agro service centres, agricultural information, input supply and cooperative formation are strongly recommended.

Sweet sorghum, which is one of the bioethanol sources, has been increasing in importance in recent years. It is used in the production of bioethanol due to the high content of sugar in it. This study were carried out at Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Izmir/Turkey on the experimental fields, two-factor coincidence plots were carried out in the form of a three-repeated potting experiment according to the trial pattern during the summer growth seasons of 2013 and 2014. Effects of different nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 N ha-1) and potassium (0, 50, 100, 150 kg K2O ha-1) levels of on ethanol yield of sweet sorghum were investigated, in the experiment. In the study, some traits were investigated such as plant height, dry matter yield, silage pH, crude protein content. The results of the experiment revealed significant effect of different N and K levels on growth, yield and some silage quality parameters. Increasing N and K levels increased plant height, dry matter yield, crude protein content and silage pH compared to the control (N0-K0) treatment. It is concluded that sweet sorghum crop performed better in N150-K100 level and hence recommended for further studies to authenticate higher forage yield and quality in the agroclimatic conditions of Izmir.

Sweet sorghum, which is one of the bioethanol sources, has been increasing in importance in recent years. It is used in the production of bioethanol due to the high content of sugar in it. This study were carried out at Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Izmir/Turkey on the experimental fields, two-factor coincidence plots were carried out in the form of a three-repeated potting experiment according to the trial pattern during the summer growth seasons of 2013 and 2014. Effects of different nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 N/ha) and potassium (0, 50, 100, 150 kg K2O/ha) levels of on ethanol yield of sweet sorghum were investigated, in the experiment. N was applied in two equal doses in the experiment. K2O was mixed with soil and supplied as a single application. Some parameters were tested in the experiments such as stalk and juice yield, sugar content and theoretical ethanol yield. Results indicated that the effects of N and K treatments on all characteristics tested were significant. Application of the higher rates of N and K increased the ethanol yields compared to the control treatment. Based on these results the combination of N150-K100 were proved to be the best fertilizer level for ethanol yields of sweet sorghum grown under Mediterranean ecological conditions of Izmir.

Bu çalışmada kurutulmuş domateslerin ultrasonik rehidrasyon koşullarının optimizasyonu amaçlanmıştır. Rehidrasyon koşulları Cevap Yüzey Yöntemi (RSM) kullanılarak optimize edilmiştir. Ultrasonik (37 kHz) rehidrasyon koşullarının optimizasyonu farklı sıcaklık (20-80°C), süre (2-60 dak) ve su oranı (1/50-1/100 g/g su) bağımsız değişkenleri ile gerçekleştirilmiş ve rehidrasyon yeteneği, renk a* (kırmızılık) ve doku değerleri (bağımlı değişken) yanıt olarak seçilmiştir. Optimum rehidrasyon koşulu seçiminde tahmini ve deneysel analiz sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, 58°C/54 dak/72 g su koşullarında yapılan ultrasonik rehidrasyonun optimum nokta olarak kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir. Seçilen optimum noktadaki rehidrasyon yeteneği 2,82±0,16, renk a* değeri 13,09 ±1,63 ve doku değeri 0,46±0,13 N olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, ultrason uygulamasının kuru domateslerin rehidrasyonunda kullanılabileceğinin kanıtı olarak görülmektedir

Honey bees are a very important species in terms of economy, agriculture, and environment. In recent years, there has been a significant reduction in honey bee colonies in some parts of the world. Honeybee losses are not an unusual event, but there has been a significant reduction in honey bee colonies in many countries around the world. Due to the different social behaviors of honey bees, it is difficult to identify the main factors causing colony losses. According to the latest research, colony losses are mainly caused by parasites, diseases, bee keeping practices, and bee management including reproduction, changes in climatic conditions, agricultural practices and pesticide use, pesticides, nutrition, and beekeeping practices. In this review, the structure of prebiotic, probiotic, climate change, and vitollegen, which causes colony losses, is emphasized, and the potential solutions of these factors that will shed light on colony losses in honey bees from a different point of view are emphasized. In addition, bibliometric analysis was performed using the SCOPUS database to emphasize the importance of probiotic microorganisms and vitellogen.

Bu çalışmanın amacı; tarımda teknoloji kullanımının gelişimi incelenerek ülkelere göre karşılaştırmaların yapılması ve 4.0 teknolojisinin tarım sektöründeki uygulanabilirliği tartışılarak bu teknolojilerin işletme ekonomisine ve yöneticiliğine sağlamış olduğu avantajlar belirlenmesidir. Nitekim dünya nüfusunun giderek artması ve buna bağlı olarak da daha fazla kaynağa ihtiyaç duyulacak olması verimlilik konusunu gündemde tutmaktadır. Tarımsal üretimde verimlilik artışı için ise teknolojik yöntemlere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu teknolojik yöntemler; yeşil tarım, hassas tarım, dijital tarım, akıllı tarım veya tarım 4.0 olarak bilinmekte olup bu teknolojilerin gelişimiyle oldukça kapsamlı bir veri elde etme süreci başlamış ve verilerin analizi ile bunların sonuçlarına göre de işletmecilik kararlarının verilmesi noktasına gelinmiştir. Bu noktada, tartışılması gereken en önemli konu akıllı tarım teknolojisinin uygulanabilirliği ve ekonomikliğidir. Nitekim Türkiye tarım işletmelerinin sahip olduğu üretim faktörleri (arazi, sermaye, işgücü ve girişimcilik) sınırlı olup Avrupa standartlarına göre yetersizdir. Dolayısıyla da kullanılacak olan teknolojilerin işletmelere göre uyumu son derece önemli olup atıl teknoloji kullanımını önlemek amacıyla da stratejilerin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada ilk defa Tarım 4.0 teknolojisi uygulama alanlarına ve sahip oldukları donanımsal özelliklere sınıflandırılarak teknolojik gelişim irdelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak da Tarım 4.0 veya akıllı tarımın geleceğine dair öngörüler ve öneriler hazırlanarak akıllı tarım politikası sektör ilgililerine ve kamu kurumlarının kullanımına sunulacaktır.

After the COVID-19 was declared as a pandemic, nothing has ever been the same for humankind. The lockdown, travel restrictions, closure of borders, and restriction of the movement of people and materials through quarantine measures applied all over the world to combat the COVID-19 pandemic affected agriculture alongside many sectors. The pandemic has made countries reconsider the issue of self-sufficiency in agriculture and it has been understood once again that agriculture is an indispensable element of human life. Agriculture is generally an input-intensive industry. Plant protection products, fertilizers, seeds, fuel, and labor are among the most important of these inputs. Failure to occur in one or more of these means a decrease in the quality and quantity of the product. Countries that do not want to face such a problem have taken some measures during the COVID-19 pandemic, some have been successful, and some have been insufficient. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to labor shortages in plant production, difficulties in accessing plant protection products, and disruptions in plant protection practices due to lack of labor force, financial problems and equipment shortages. The pandemic has also affected education and research activities. With this review, we tried to discuss the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on plant production and plant protection in Turkey and in the world.