The present study investigated the effects of the prebiotic inulin on the growth parameters, digestive enzyme activities and antioxidant status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). After acclimation, fish (34±0.22 g; n = 135) were assigned into 9 tanks (15 fish per tank) and triplicate groups were fed a control diet (G-0) or diets containing 1% (G-1) or 2% (G-2) inulin. At the end of the trial (8 weeks), growth factors (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), Economic conversion ratio (ECR), digestive enzyme activities (pepsin, trypsin, amylase and lipase) and antioxidant status superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level of liver tissue were assessed. At the end of the study highest survival rate was observed in the fish fed with 1% G-1 inulin group. Similarly, digestive enzyme activities were significantly higher dietary G-1 group. Subsequently, elevated growth performance (final weight, SGR and FCR) was observed in trout fed with 1% compared to the control group. The effect of the dietary inulin on digestion was partly observed by assaying the activity of pepsin, intestinal amylase, trypsin and lipase. Apart from pepsin activity, results indicated that dietary supplementation of inulin is beneficial and may also have differential effects upon digestive enzyme activities. Antioxidant enzyme activity of SOD and CAT in liver tissue was generally higher in the supplemented inulin diets than in the control and significantly higher in the 1% inulin group. A significant decrease in MDA level of tissue was observed in all inulin supplemented groups when compared to the control group. These results indicate that inulin be considered as a beneficial dietary supplement for growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and antioxidant status of rainbow trout.

Lavandula angustifolia Mill. olarak adlandırılan Lavender, ilaç, kozmetik vb sanayi gibi farklı endüstri kollarında kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, lavantada farklı hasat saatlerinin verim, uçucu yağ ve uçucu yağ verimine etkilerini belirlemektir. Çalışma, tesadüf blokları deneme deseninde üç tekrarlamalı olarak Karaisalı/Adana ekolojik koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Çiçekli lavender bitkileri beş farklı zamanda saat sabah 8’de başlayarak iki saat aralıklarla hasat edilmiştir. Araştırmada 2014 ve 2015 yıllarında taze herba verimi, kuru herba verimi, drog çiçek verimi, uçucu yağ oranı ve uçucu yağ verimleri incelenmiştir. Hem drog çiçek verimi hem de uçucu yağ verimi bakımından benzer şekilde en yüksek ortalamalar sabah 8’de yapılan, en düşük ortalamalarda saat 14’de yapılan hasattan elde edilmiştir. İki yıllık araştırma sonuçlarına göre yüksek miktarda drog çiçek ve uçucu yağ verimleri elde etmek için sabahın erken saatlerinde hasadın yapılmasının uygun olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Salinity stress is one of the most important and common abiotic stress factors that cause significant physiological and metabolic changes in plants, negatively affecting plant growth and development, and causing decrease in product quality and quantity. The elucidation of the molecular control mechanisms associated with salt stress tolerance is based on the activation and /or inactivation of various stress-related genes. Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) tolerance mechanism under salt stress is of great importance in terms of salt tolerance of the plants. Although this mechanism has been studied for many years, the physiological changes that the plants give as a result of mutation of the genes in the pathway under different levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) during development have not been examined comparatively. In this study, we found that the Arabidopsis thaliana sos1-1 mutant plant showed sensitivity to 10 mM NaCl while the sos3-1 and hkt1-1 mutants showed tolerance. The sos1-1, sos3-1 and hkt1-1 mutants showed increasing sensitivity when NaCl was applied beyon 50 mM of concentration. In addition, plants did not show significant sensitivity for 1 day of stress application, while significant effects were observed in plant root length when exposed to salinity for 3 to 4 days. Col-0, hkt1-1 and sos3-1 roots treated with low levels of NaCl for a short term were positively affected in length. In the light of these results, the amount and duration of salt stress is very critical in Arabidopsis thaliana's responses to the stress and determination of molecular tolerance pathways.

Havza yönetimi, bir havzanın sınırları ile çevrili alan içerisinde kalan toprak, bitki, su ve bunları doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak etkileyen iklim, çevre, insan ve hayvan aktivitelerinin topyekûn değerlendirildiği sistemdir. 1990’lı yılların başlarından itibaren de doğal kaynakların korunmasına yönelik yapılan yönetim çalışmalara ilaveten geçim kaynaklarını iyileştirecek ve gelir düzeyini artıracak önlemleri de kapsayan yeni bir havza yönetim programı ortaya çıkmıştır. Totaliter havza yönetimi olarak adlandırabileceğimiz bu yeni havza yönetim sistemi entegre ve katılımcı havza yönetimi yaklaşımını esas almaktadır. Bütüncül bir anlayışla toplumun refah düzeyini artırmayı ve gelecek nesillere zengin bir doğal kaynak sunmayı hedefleyen totaliter havza yönetimi, yer altı ve yerüstü doğal kaynakların mutlak korunumunun yanı sıra bu kaynaklardan yeterli düzeyde yararlanmayı, ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel hayatı iyileştirerek yoksulluğun azaltılmasını, uygulamalı araştırma ile rekabet gücünü artırmayı, çevre dostu anlayışı teşvik etmeyi, havza yönetimi faaliyetlerinin takip edilerek sürdürülebilir olmasını, iklim değişikliklerinden kaynaklanan olumsuz etkileri engellemeyi, su döngüsünün kayıpsız olarak devam etmesini ve havzalarda ki tahribatın önüne geçilmesini amaçlar. Bu çalışmada, Van Gölü havzasındaki doğal kaynaklar ile bu kaynakların kullanımları arasındaki düzenli ve düzensiz ilişkiler alt havza bünyesinde değerlendirilerek alternatifler üzerinde durulmuş olup özellikle su kaynaklarının kullanımında ki yanlış uygulamalar nedeniyle oluşabilecek olumsuz sonuçların giderilmesi için Van Gölü havzasına uygulanabilecek havza yönetim sistemi açıklanmıştır. Havzada aşırı sulamayı dengeleyecek etkin sulama sistemleri ile kuraklığa ve soğuğa dayanıklı sulamaya daha az gereksinim duyan alternatif bitki desenleri önerilmiştir.

The data stored for a long time in livestock enterprises will play a crucial role in increasing the productivity in animal production, revealing animal breeding values, meeting qualified breeding needs, making effective breeding organizations, obtaining high income, determining the animals to be kept or as a breeder. Among the important technical data kept in livestock enterprises; ram, bull, and goat and their reproduction, growth-development, yield records (animal weight and wool yield in small ruminants, body weight gain, feed consumption, lactation and milk yield), reproductive performance measures, slaughter and carcass dimensions and characteristics records such as meat quality, animal diseases and vaccination practices can be shown as important technical data in livestock enterprises. Issues such as followed animals and storing identifying information of the animals from this data in the database are being made compulsory for conformity program of Turkey with the European Union by the rule number 27137 “Regulation on the identification, registration and monitoring of sheep and goat type of animals” that published in the official newspaper by Agriculture and Forestry Ministry on 10.02.2009. Nowadays, database software such as MySQL, MS SQL, Postrage SQL, Oracle, Firebird, IBM DB2 and MS Access are used in order to obtain healthy data and store the data safely. Knowledge of the use and cost of this database software and Database Management Systems (DBMS) is important for the enterprise. In this study, it is aimed to give information about the software that adds value to the enterprise and their costs of the operations on enterprise.

In this study, 10 Hasak sheep lungs from Konya Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural Research Institute, Unit of Experimental Animals Unit were used. Corrosion casting technique were applied to the materials. The corrosion cured materials were stored in water for one night. It was then incubated at 37 ° C in a 20% KOH solution for 24 hours. Corrosion casting technique and latex injection materials were photographed and presented in the study. The lungs were found to be wrapped with pleura visceralis (pleura pulmonalis) in the cavum thoracis. It was determined that the right lung was consisted of lobe cranialis (pars cranialis and pars caudalis), lobus medius, lobus caudalis and lobus accessorius. The left lung was composed of lobe cranialis (pars cranialis and pars caudalis) and lobe caudal. In the bronchus that shaped these lobes, it was determined that tacheae gave bronchus lobaris cranialis dexter (bronchus trachealis) mean 48.53 mm before the bifurcatio trachea, and later on it was divided into bronchus pirincipalis dexter and sinister. In this study, anatomical features of broncho-pulmonary segmentation and similarities and differences with other species were revealed.

Hazelnut is the important agricultural product of the Eastern and Western Black Sea region of Turkey and is usually exported to the world market dried and unshelled. Hazelnut in husks are dried generally grass and concrete ground under the sun. The traditional sun-dried process (concrete and grass ground) used by hazelnut farmers takes about 10 to 25 days counting on the weather conditions. If rainfall is high during the harvesting period, drying takes longer and causes the harvest and spoilt. Rapid postharvest processing, mostly in husking and drying, is crucial for the quality the last product, among which the hazelnut drying plays essential role. Because sun-dried on the concrete and grass ground increase fungal activities of hazelnuts and the risk of mycotoxin development due to mould growth. And also, under the action light and heat lipid molecules are released free fatty acids, which can affect the stability of oil. Dryer can prevent mould growth and oil oxidation. Thus, drying machine appears to be a promising strategy for hazelnut drying.

Globally, 16.9% of milk used by humans is taken from different species other than a cow. These species are sheep, horse, yak, ass, goat, camel and buffalo. The global camel (Camelus dromedarius) population is about 34 million head with sharing of almost 0.4% of world’s non-cattle milk. Within the last 20 years, the curiosity of camel farming is amassed remarkably in different countries of the world including the Netherland, Italy and USA for camel milk production. The camel is considered as a goal animal of the 21st century because it produces high quality milk under extreme temperature, deficiency of pasture and dearth of water. The average milk production of camel fluctuates from 4 to 30 lt with lactation length ranges from 9 to18 months having peak yield in second to the third month of lactation. Camel’s milk is used globally because of its salty taste, high vitamin C concentration and its medicinal properties. Nevertheless, it gives many valuable benefits such as treatment of autism, control diabetes and allergy, prevention from liver cirrhosis and replacer of cow milk to avoid an infant’s allergic reaction. The camel milk is a natural treatment of diabetes as it has a substantial result in a decrease of mean blood glucose and conserves necessary insulin doses. Camel milk constitutes of protein (2.5-4.5%), fat (2.9-5.5%), solid not fat (8.9 -14.3%), ash (0.35-0.95%), lactose (2.9-5.8%) and water (86.3-88.5%) as mean specific gravity is 1.03. Due to its distinct properties, the consumption of camel milk is increasing day by day and a number of industries are working to promote camel milk production and processing. Therefore, the tenacity of this review article is to explicate the beneficial uses and production of camel milk over the globe.

Climate change increases the odds of worsening drought in many parts of the World. Climate projections for the Mediterranean basin in which Turkey is located expresses alarming conclusions about severe droughts. Droughts are expected to prevail in different severities and periods throughout Turkey. Iğdır plain, which lies in eastern part of Turkey is convenient for cultivation of many agricultural products because of its fertile soils and micro-climatic properties. In this study, drought analysis were carried out for Iğdır by using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) and Streamflow Drought Index (SDI). The data (precipitation and flow) were obtained in monthly intervals from Turkish institutions, namely General Directorate of Meteorology and General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. Study was aimed to examine the integrated effect of low precipitations and high temperatures on hydrological and meteorological drought. Annual SPI results show that four severe and three moderate drought events whereas RDI detected four severe and four moderate drought events for the study period (47 years, 1971-2018). SPI index detected severe category droughts in the water years of 1980, 1989 and 1997. RDI detected severe category droughts in the mentioned years together with one more event in 2000. SDI identified 2002 as extreme drought year, and identified 1982, 1984, 1986 and 2002 as moderate drought years. The output of the study is aimed to serve for better understanding of droughts in the Igdir Plain.

This study was conducted to assess the structural and environmental conditions and potential problems of under-cover production systems of Çarşamba town, which constitute about 87,81% of under-cover production potential of Samsun Province through comprehensive literature search and to develop possible solutions towards these problems. Selected facilities were analyzed for their structural characteristics, production techniques, technology use, environmental conditions through surveys, drawings, observations and photographs. Present findings revealed that all of the family type under-cover production systems are composed of individual (single) constructions. Facility owners had quite low level of education and under-cover production systems constituted a significant place in their economic statuses. Under-cover production systems were mostly lack of technology because of financial burdens and unplanned production activities. Ventilation, heating and cooling systems, playing a significant role in control of environmental conditions, were mostly insufficient and relevant design criteria were not mostly taken into consideration. With this study, potential problems were identified, structural and environmental requirements of under-cover production systems were determined, and recommendations were provided to producers accordingly.