Antifreeze proteins are those proteins that have ability to protect the organism against environmental conditions at temperatures below zero, and to resize the shape and size of ice crystals. Due to these properties, they prevent food from sensory, structural and mechanical damages during the storage in cold and they extend the product shelf life. In this review, the types and structure of antifreeze proteins, their mechanism of action and the possibilities of use in food are presented.

Two new spider mites, Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida and Eotetranychus rubiphilus Reck (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) were recorded for Turkish phytophagous mite fauna. While E. rubiphilus was obtained from Prunus domestica L. and Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae), T. kanzawai was found only on P. domestica in different municipalities of Ordu province, Turkey.

In this study which was carried out during the 2015 summer season in Eskişehir, the flower, pod and seed characters attributed to yield components were investigated in 12 forage pea genotypes. They showed significant differences in terms of agronomic and morphological (flower, pod, and seed) traits. The highest fresh hay yield with 2171 kg/da and plant height with 106.6 cm were obtained from Populasyon-1. Crackerjack had lower values in some flower traits such as, whereas the higher values of pod and seed traits were obtained from cv. Rose. In addition, Population-1 included in the higher value group for standard petal width, keel petal length, calyx tube and teeth lengths, and flower length. Although cluster analysis did not reflect agronomic traits, the clustering resulted in four groups. The first group consisted of Özkaynak 1, 2, and 3 and Taşkent, Töre, and Population-2, which were the standard petal colour violet, light, and dark violet. Population-1 had both violet and white standard petal; however, it was included in the second group together with white-flowered Ulubatlı and Ürünlü according to cluster analysis. While Rose and Gölyazı were in the third group, Crackerjack was in the fourth group alone. There was a highly significant positive correlation between fresh hay yield and both standard petal width and length and flower length. Consequently, a hopeful result for summer growing in Eskişehir condition was obtained from Population-1. It was suggested that some flower characters can be used for pre-selection of yield-related traits in the evaluation of genetic diversity of pea germplasm through morphological trait.

In this study, the effects of light stimulation at normal (NLS: 154 days) and early (ELS: 140 days) age on some physiological and reproductive traits in dam and sire broiler pure-lines were carried out during the laying period. The study was conducted with A1, A2, A3, A4 dam lines and B1, B2 sire lines up to 43 weeks of age, whose breeding studies were carried out in Eskişehir Geçit Kuşağı Agricultural Research Institute. Live weight and feed consumption were determined during the growing period. In the laying period, in addition to these, the first laying age, 50% yield age, egg yield, hatching egg yield and egg weight were determined. The data obtained were evaluated according to light stimulation age and pure-lines by two factor analysis of variance. NLS and ELS treatments did not significantly affect the body weights of the pure-lines at 20, 24 and 43 weeks of age. However, differences were found significant in terms of body weight at 20, 24 and 43 weeks of age in pure-lines. Lines reached the first laying age at 172 days in NLS, and at 165 days of age in ELS. The 50% yield age was realized at 184 d and 176 d of age in parallel with the first laying age. The effects of light stimulation age on egg yield and hatching egg yield were found significant. In NLS treatment all pure-lines, 5 more eggs were produced in egg yield and hatching egg yield. However, differences in egg yield and weight in pure-lines were found significant. The study results showed that the egg production can be increased by first light stimulation at the 20 weeks of age, provided that at least 2 kg live weight is achieved in broiler pure-lines.

In this study, optimum harvest times, cluster and berry characteristics of four grape cultivars (Hasandede, Öküzgözü, Boğazkere, and HorozKarası) grown in Mecitözü (Çorum) ecological conditions were determined. In two consecutive years (2017-2018) yield, clusters, berry properties, water-soluble solid content, pH, titratable acidity, maturity index properties were determined. Some biochemical changes in grape varieties were followed during the ripening periods in the second year. The highest yield in both years was obtained from the variety of Horoz Karası (1421.2 and 1504.8 kg/da), while the lowest yield was obtained from Öküzgözü (619.4 and 578.31 kg/da). During the harvest period, the total acidity and pH values must be changed according to years and varieties. The total soluble solids (TSS) and pH values increased with maturation, whereas the total acidity was found to decrease till the last observation date. During the harvest period, all varieties reached optimum harvest maturity in both years.

The basic rule in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) rearing is to work with qualified queens. Quality queen means strong and healthy colonies. Honey bee colonies are a social community, each managed by a single queen bee. The queen bee is the only female that produces eggs in the colony under normal conditions, and the quality and healthy queen is important for the continuity of the colony. Many factors affect the quality of the queen bee, such as the rearing colony, the age of the transferred larva and the transfer medium, the season, cell emergence weight, spermatheca charged, the characteristics of the starter and finisher hives. In this paper, the issues to be considered in raising a quality queen are emphasized.

2018 yılı verilerine göre Çanakkale ili Türkiye kanola üretiminde %7,5’lik pay ile 5. sırada yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, araştırma alanı olarak belirlenen Çanakkale ilinde, 2018 yılında kanola üreten ve Tam Sayım Yöntemine göre tespit edilen 83 işletmeden elde edilen veriler yardımıyla, kanola üretiminde kullanılan girdilerin miktar ve parasal değer bakımından işletme büyüklük grupları arasında farklılık olup olmadığının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre; birim alana kullanılan girdilerin bedelleri arasında sadece ilaç girdisinin işletme büyüklük gruplarına göre %5 düzeyinde, birim alana kullanılan girdi miktarı dikkate alındığında sadece makine işgücü isteği değerinin işletme büyüklük grupları arasında %5 düzeyinde istatistiki yönden farklılık gösterdiği anlaşılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları incelenen işletmelerde girdi kullanımı açısından, işletme grupları arasında istatistiki yönden önemli bir fark bulunmadığını, bu durumun da kanola üretim teknolojisindeki benzerlik yanında büyük işletmelerin ölçek ekonomisinin pozitif yönlerinden faydalanamadığını göstermektedir. Bu nedenle orta ve uzun vadede genelde tarımsal üretimde özelde ise kanola üretiminde işletmelerin üretim düzeyleri dikkate alınarak farklı araçlarla ve değişik yöntemlerle desteklenmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

In the food industry, using of new preservation and processing technologies, which may be an alternative to traditional methods, is becoming increasingly important. These novel and particularly non-thermal techniques have very important advantages such as enhancing food safety, reducing quality losses, and increasing production efficiency. One of these new technologies, Pulsed electric field (PEF) technique, stands out as a novel method that has been emphasized in recent years. It is used for different purposes in both liquid and solid foods, also various studies are carried out for the optimization. On the other hand, recently, there are several studies using PEF technique in meats and seafoods for the preservation purposes, as well as other positive effects (improving the functional properties of the product, accelerating processes such as drying, curing and freezing). In this regard, detailed information about the purposes for which PEF technique can be used in meats and seafoods has been tried to be given in this comprehensive review study.

In this study, the average drying times of the Frigos, Bilensoy, Nimet and Prosementi alfalfa varieties were determined by drying in a convective dryer (50, 60 and 70°C) and in the open (sun). In addition, the most suitable thin layer drying models were determined, which are important in controlling the drying processes and developing new product-specific dryers. In drying processes, the moisture content of the product was dried up to 10% compared to the wet base. The first moisture contents of the specified varieties according to the wet base are respectively; 76.20, 75.88, 76.13 and 75.07%. In drying processes, it was determined that drying method and temperatures changed average drying times. The longest drying times were determined in the Frigos variety, which was laid in the sun and dried. When the Frigos variety was dried in the oven at 50, 60 and 70°C, the average drying times were determined as 11, 10 and 6 hours. Time-dependent moisture ratios were determined, processed in thin layer drying models and the mathematical model that best predicts drying curves was determined. While creating curves, Page, Midilli, Yağcıoğlu models were used. While acceptable reliability values were found as in all models, among the models, the highest stability value (R2) was found by Midilli was found in equality.

After realizing that multi-storey buildings are contrary to human nature, the importance of natural landscape and green areas around it has been noticed. For this reason, people want to see how their environment will be in the design phase and the importance of project presentations is increasing day by day. Information technologies for spatial thinking, imagination and modelling have gradually started to be included in landscape design processes. The concept of virtual reality, augmented reality and immersive virtual reality are becoming more and more involved in our lives due to reasons such as the size of the devices getting smaller and their prices being relatively accessible to everyone. As an alternative to traditional presentation techniques and two-dimensional presentation techniques on the computer, making presentations in a virtual reality environment can be a stronger factor in people’s perception of the environment. In the study visual sets in basic, intermediate and advanced level of detail for the same landscape design and project site have been created. Each set consists of hand-drawn perspective image, computer aided perspective image, stereoscopic 360-degree VR image and an augmented reality model. In order to evaluate these visual sets, interviews were made with 10 landscape architects who are experts in the subject. As a result of the study, criteria’s for landscape presentations has been discussed and the advantages and disadvantages of landscape design presentations that will be created using virtual and augmented reality have been evaluated.