The study investigated the effects of oregano- or red pepper-essential oil at delayed feeding (0, 24 and 48 h post-hatching) on performance and morphological development of small intestine segments. Female broilers were fed one of 3 rations including a control ration with no essential oil (CONT), the rations added with either oregano essential oil (OEO) or red pepper essential oil (RPEO) at 250 mg/kg to CONT. A total of 18 chicks from each treatment were used to measure the morphological parameters of the small intestine segments on the 14th day. Prolongation of accessing time to ration significantly decreased the body weights of broilers at 3rd, 7th and 14th d, feed intake (FI) from 4 to 7 d and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers at the period of 4-7 d. Access to ration for 48 h post-hatching significantly decreased the body weight gains at the period of 4-7 and 7-14 d, FI from 7 to 14 d and improved FCR of broilers at the period of 7-14 d. OEO250 ration significantly increased villus height (VH) and villus surface area (VSA) of jejunum (J) and ileum (I) of broilers fed immediately and the IVH and IVSA of broiler accessed to ration for 48 h post-hatching. VH of duodenum (D), IVH and IVSA of broilers fed for 24 h post-hatching were significantly increased by RPEO250 ration. OEO250 and RPEO250 rations significantly reduced crypt depth (CD) of D and J of broiler accessed to ration for immediate and DCD of broiler fed for 24 h post-hatching. OEO250 and RPEO250 rations significantly increased IVH and IVSA and reduced DCD, JCD and ICD of broilers. In conclusion, OEO250 and RPEO250 rations affected positively VH and VSA of I and reduced CDs of small intestine segments of broilers accessed to ration at different times.

The present study investigated the effects of dietary carob (Ceratonia siliqua) syrup supplementation on growth performance, haematological, serum biochemical and immunological parameters of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain carob syrup at levels of 0%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, and 0.625%. Fish were fed experimental diets for 60 days. There were no particular differences in weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, red blood cell count, haematocrit ratio (%), serum total protein, albumin, and globulin levels of fish fed experimental diets. However, dietary carob syrup especially with 1.25% incorporation significantly decreased serum glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol levels. The dietary carob syrup especially at 1.25% significantly increased the phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, respiratory burst and potential killing activity. In conclusion, findings of the present study indicate that feeding tilapia with a diet containing 1.25% carob syrup over a period of 60 days might be adequate to improve immune parameters and serum biochemical variables without any adverse effect on growth performance and haematological parameters of fish.

The aim of the present study is to compare the crude protein, fat content and fatty acids concentration of snail meat (Helix lucorum Linnaeus, 1758) obtained from Adana and Sinop Province (including 30 snail meat for both region) in Turkey. They were not statistically significant differences in fatty acid profile between two groups. But, in contrast to previous reports, may be due to geographical variation, the results show that the examined snails demonstrated a high content of fat that is between 3.74% and 4.20%. The analyses also indicated that snail meat from Adana province was richer in protein and fat content than Sinop province. In fatty acid composition for both region, monounsaturated fatty acid fraction (MUFA) was dominant followed by saturated fatty acid (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The ratio of n-3/n-6 and the content of PUFAs were found to be better in Adana province than Sinop. However, for both region, the ratio of PUFA/SFA was lower in H. lucorum than those recommended for nutritional.

Sustainability and development of the dairy enterprises are dependent on competitiveness. Determination of the performance of the enterprises requires measurement and analyses of the financial performance of the enterprises. The ability of dairy enterprises to continue and grow is dependent on competitiveness. It requires that the financial performance of the farm enterprises be measured and analysed in order for the enterprises to be able to detect the competition power in a healthy manner. The aim of the study is to analyse the financial performance of the dairy enterprises in Konya province by determining the capital structure. Çumra, Karapınar and Ereğli districts constituted 15% of the number of bovine animals, were selected by using sampling method. The number of dairy cattle in these enterprises constituted the main frame of the population the primary data collected from 125 dairy farm enterprises with questionnaire technique through stratified sampling method with 95% confidence interval and error margin of 5%. The capital structure of the enterprises surveyed in the research area was classified according to their functions and the average active capital of the enterprises was calculated as 845,330.85$. 67.87% of the active capital is composed of land capital, 31.70% is composed of fixed enterprises capital and 0.43% is variable working capital. The economic profitability level (EP) was determined as 6.90% and the financial profitability level (FP) indicated the success of the enterprise was calculated as 7.06%. The capital turnover rate, an important indicator in the success and comparison of the enterprises, is 28.22%. As a result, their development and competitiveness are slow, because they do not use enough business and investment capital.

Bu çalışma, oğlakların rasyonuna eklenen inorganik bakır ve çinko ile inorganik formlarına göre %50 oranında daha düşük düzeylerde eklenen organik bakır (Cu) ve çinko (Zn) minerallerinin canlı ağırlık artışı, serum ve kıl ortalama değerleri ile dışkıda atılan miktar üzerine etkisini değerlendirmek için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Oğlaklara verilen rasyonun içerdiği bakır ve çinko minerallerine göre organik (deneme, n=12) ve inorganik (kontrol, n=12) olarak iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Kontrol grubuna bakır-sülfat 7 mg/kg KM, çinko-sülfat 20 mg/kg KM, deneme grubuna ise bakır-şelat (2-hydroxy–4-methylthiobutyrate) 3,5 mg/kg KM ve çinko-şelat (2-hydroxy–4-methylthiobutyrate) 10 mg/kg KM verilmiştir. Çalışma sonunda her iki grubun serum bakır ve çinko ile kıl bakır ve çinko ortalama değerlerinin deneme başına göre daha yüksek düzeyde olduğu saptanmıştır. İki gruba ait canlı ağırlık, serum bakır ve çinko ile kıl bakır ve çinko ortalama değerleri arasındaki farkın istatistiksel açıdan önemli olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Serum bakır ve çinko ile kıl bakır ortalama değerlerinin organik grubunda, kıl çinko ortalama değerinin ise inorganik grubunda rakamsal olarak daha yüksek düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada dışkı çinko ve bakır ortalama değerlerinin organik grubunda inorganik gruba göre önemli oranda daha düşük olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak oğlakların rasyonuna organik bakır ve çinko inorganik formlarına göre %50 oranında daha düşük düzeylerde eklenmesine rağmen canlı ağırlık artışı, serum ve kıl ortalama değerleri bakımından inorganik bakır ve çinko ile benzer değerler elde edilmiştir. Bu değerler organik minerallerin daha iyi emildiklerini göstermektedir. Ayrıca organik mineral grubunda dışkı bakır ile dışkı çinko ortalama değerlerinin daha düşük düzeyde belirlenmesi, çevreye daha az miktarda saçıldıkları ve dolayısıyla çevreyi daha az kirlettikleri kanaati oluşturmuştur.

Bu araştırma Temmuz 2011 ve Mayıs 2012 tarihleri arasında mevsimsel olarak gerçekleştirilmiş olup çalışmada Giresun sahillerinde denize dökülen Batlama Deresi’nde dağılım gösteren bazı balık türlerinin kas ve solungaç dokularındaki ağır metal birikimleri değerlendirilmiştir. Analiz edilen balıklarda ağır metal birikimleri ortalama ppm olarak kas dokuda; Co: 1,47-1,64 Cr: 0,09-0,36, Cu: 0,92-11,0, Fe: 8,01-17,6, Mn: 1,46-2,20, Ni: 2,69-3.55, Pb: 1,83-2,63, Zn: 9,80-17,0; solungaçta; Co: 2,14-3,99, Cr: 0,20-0,58, Cu: 1,32-22,6, Fe: 52,2-140, Mn: 13,1-20,3, Ni: 7,85-13,6, Pb: 2,75-6,28, Zn: 37,5-80,8 düzeylerinde bulunmuştur. Bunun yanı sıra çalışmada, kas doku için günlük ve haftalık alımlar hesaplanmıştır. Bu değerler uluslararası kuruluşlar tarafından bildirilen sınır değerlerinin altında olduğundan, çalışmanın yapıldığı zaman, çalışılan türler ve metaller açısından bu bölgede yakalanarak tüketilen balıkların insan sağlığı üzerine herhangi bir tehdit oluşturmayacağı söylenebilir.

Agricultural production and income are important for Mediterranean region of Turkey. The region and especially Antalya province is well-known with greenhouse production. For greenhouse production achieving sustainability is important for meeting domestic and foreign demand and security of production lands. In order to measure the potential for improving greenhouse operators 281 farmers were surveyed in 2015 in Antalya and profit inefficiency and factors affecting inefficiencies of operators were estimated using stochastic frontier approach. Accordingly, the average inefficiency level of operators was found as 57 %, signifying the potential for improvement. The main objective was to undermine the impact of landownership on this inefficiency level. Yet, the impact of other relevant factors referring to greenhouse structures and famers’ characteristics were estimated as well. While level of education seemed to reduce inefficiency, household size had appeared as an inefficiency rising factor referring to professional labour endowment of greenhouse production in Antalya. Being renter of land appeared as an inefficiency rising factor as well as holding plastic house or having located in the western parts of Antalya. These findings indicated importance of supporting improved production technologies and use of strengthened structures. In addition, it appeared as essential to provide incentives to renters to cope with their costs.

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Listeria species, specifically Listeria monocytogenes, in raw milk, pasteurized milk, white cheese, and homemade cheese. A total of 200 food samples were collected and analyzed to examine the presence of Listeria spp. The EN ISO 11290-1 method was used for isolation of Listeria. API Listeria test kit was used for biochemically characterization. Listeria spp. were isolated in 25 of the 200 samples (12.5%). The largest number of Listeria spp. was detected in homemade cheese (24%), followed by raw milk (18%), and white cheese (8%). Listeria spp. were not isolated from the pasteurized milk. The most common species isolated were Listeria innocua (5.5%); the remaining Listeria isolates were Listeria ivanovi (3.5%), Listeria welshimeri (3%), and Listeria monocytogenes (0.5%). Listeria monocytogenes was detected in only raw milk.

Unio tigridis has an importance for the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystem of the Turkey. However, there is no available literature in the world on the growth of this species yet. The aim of this study, therefore, was to describe the age, growth and mortality of this species living in Lake Gölbaşı from Hatay providence, Turkey. A total 428 of specimen were collected using by divers with hand dredges in depth of 1 to 6 meters based on annual sampling strategy from June- 2004 to May- 2005. Lengths and weighs of sample were ranged as 2.1 to 9.2 cm (6.79 ± 1.52) and 1.1 to 73.05 g (34.18 ± 15.56), respectively. Weight-Length relationship of all specimens was described as W=0.193L2.63 (R2=0.94). Thus, a negative allometric growth was detected in the sampled population. The age of each individual was determined by counting the external shall annuli-growth interruption lines. The sampled population was composed of 18 age classes. Specimen belong to age class 7 was the most presented with 20.33 percent in the population. The rate of male to female (m:f) was 0.91:1. Seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth model (SVBGM) was used to describe the growth. From these results, it was shown that seasonality in growth does not occur in this lake for this species (L∞ = 8.80 cm (Shell Length), K = 0.271 year-1, t0 = -0.161 year, C = 0.014, ts = 0.100 year with RSS = 23.22). The total mortality rate (Z ± Se) was calculated as 0.401 ± 0.015 year-1 with R-square = 0.99 (CL of Z with 95 % = 0.361 - 0.440 year-1). Although, there is no fishing, no pollution and no predation risk on this species yet, due to growth characteristic, high K and low L∞, this type of species are vulnerable to extinction.

The aim of study were to present relationships between birth weight of 94 Holstein calves with genotype structures of each sample’s Growth Hormone (GH) determined through PCR-RFLP method and to detect the population’s genetic variation by determining the genotype and allel frequency distribution. In the study, according to the analysis result, it was determined that Growth Hormone gene LL genotype was 41.9 kg, LL was 40.8 kg, and VV was 42.2 kg for the birth weight. A significant relationship between birth weight with GH genotypes could not be found. It was seen that the calf population is not stable according to Hardy-Weinberg genetic balance test.