Increase in online available bioinformatics tools for protein research creates an important opportunity for scientists to reveal characteristics of the protein of interest by only starting from the predicted or known amino acid sequence without fully depending on experimental approaches. There are many sophisticated tools used for diverse purposes; however, there are not enough reviews covering the tips and tricks in selecting and using the correct tools as the literature mainly state the promotion of the new ones. In this review, with the aim of providing young scientists with no specific experience on protein work a reliable starting point for in silico analysis of the protein of interest, we summarized tools for annotation, identification of motifs and domains, determination isoelectric point, molecular weight, subcellular localization, and post-translational modifications by focusing on the important points to be considered while selecting from online available tools.

The aim of this study is to determine seasonally water quality characteristics irrigation ponds. Surface water samples were collected from three different sampling points in Yenice and Davutköy irrigation ponds (NW Turkey) for four different seasons. The parameters of dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, total hardness, chloride and sodium adsorption rate (SAR) were investigated for Yenice and Davutköy irrigation water quality. According the national and international water quality standards, physicochemical parameters were determined under permissible level. In addition, sampling ponds are located C1−S1 class of ABD salinity diagrams. This result means that salinity and sodium values of water are suitable for ecological system and can be using for irrigation. Furthermore, the microbial quality of irrigation water for the ponds were determined that rate of mesophyll and psychotropic bacteria are connected with temperature. It is detected that the term of low temperature is high level of psychotropic bacteria and the term of high temperature increase the number of mesophyll bacteria. Pearson correlation analysis between the results of the statistical psychotropic aerobic count and temperature significant was found a strong negative correlation (r= -0,635). Fecal pollution indicator as the number of E.coli stations in Davutköy pond in the summer sampling were determined 110 cfu/100ml and 50 cfu/100ml, respectively. E.coli was not detected other stations and sampling time. Finally, according to obtained analysis results are determined that water qualities for Yenice and Davutköy ponds are suitable for agriculture activities.

In this study, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds (TPC) and oxidative stability of cherry seed (SCO), sweet cherry seed (SCSO), mulberry seed (MSO) and plum seed oil (PSO) were determined. Oleic acid was determined as primary fatty acid (42.9-67.3%), and followed by linoleic acid (23.4-41.8%) for SCO, SCSO and PSO. Linoleic acid was determined as primary fatty acid in MSO. γ-tocopherol was determined the main and highest tocopherol isomers varied from 579.9 to 605 mg/kg oil in SCO, SCSO and PSO, whereas δ-tocopherol was determined main tocopherol isomer with 1354mg/kg oil value in MSO. Plum seed oil (PSO) was the highest antioxidant activity values in both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. There was no significant differences in lipid hydroperoxide and TBARS (2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance) formation among SCO, SCSO and MSO. PSO had the highest induction period (15.1 h), followed by MSO (1.4 h), SCSO (1.5 h), SCO(1.3 h). PSO was oxidatively more stable than the other oil samples. This research shows that these waste seed oils have high antioxidant capacity and tocopherol content, so they could be used in food industry.

In Mediterranean climate region, during certain times of the year the daily average temperature decreases under 12°C. In such conditions, greenhouse heating is essential to be able to get the high quality yield that is expected from greenhouses. The cost of heating varies from 20% to 60% of the total costs depending on the climate of the region, size, type and hardware of the greenhouse and type of plant grown in the greenhouse. The heat requirement in greenhouses is calculated based on the rudiments defined by DIN 4701 standards. However, the real temperature in greenhouses is higher than the outside temperatures used in calculations. For this reason, the heat requirement in greenhouses should be calculated by taking temperature increases that are caused by ventilation temperature and heat storage capability into consideration. In this study, the heat energy need of Antalya which is located in Mediterranean region is assessed according to its climate conditions. In the calculations, the different hardware structures are considered and the level of energy that can be saved is calculated. As a result of the calculations, depending on the month of the year, 12% to 29% difference is observed between energy requirement calculations based on the indoor temperature increases and energy requirement calculations based on outside temperature values.

Bu çalışma ile; Konya ilinde arpa üretim, pazarlama ve işleme aşamalarında arpa pazarlamasına etki eden kriterlerin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada; Konya ilinde faaliyet gösteren; karma yem (37 adet) ve malt fabrikası (1 adet), arpa alım satımı yapan tüccarlar (50 adet) ve tarımsal faaliyetleri içinde arpa üretimine yer veren tarım işletmeleri (107 adet) ile yapılan anket sonuçları kullanılmıştır. Tarım işletmeleri tarafından arpa satımında fiyata etki ettiği düşünülen kriterlerin başında hektolitre ve arpanın içine başka bitki çeşidinin karışmaması öne çıkarken, arpa çeşitlerinin satış fiyatında önemli bir kriter olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Tüccarların arpa satın alırken göz önünde bulundurduğu en önemli kriter arpanın hektolitresi olup, bu kriteri arpanın rutubeti, rengi ve içindeki yabancı madde karışıklık oranı izlemektedir. Fabrikaların arpa satın alırken göz önünde bulundurdukları en önemli kriter arpanın rutubet oranı olarak belirlenirken, daha sonra arpanın hektolitresi ve içindeki yabancı madde karışıklık oranı gelmektedir. Malt sanayisi için ise; arpanın çeşidi alım kriterlerinde çok önemli bir faktör olup, bunu arpanın rutubet oranı ve rengi takip etmektedir.

Bu çalışmada, farklı tarımsal ürünlerin yetiştirildiği alanlardan izole edilen mikrofungusların tarımsal üretimde sık kullanılan bir fungisit olan benomile karşı duyarlılık/dirençlilik durumları ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla mikrofungus izolatları katı besiyeri ortamında benomile direnç yönünden taranmış, dirençli olduğu görülen izolatlar sıvı besiyerine alınarak gelişimlerinin hangi oranlarda engellendiği anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında izole edilen 183 mikrofungus izolatından 23 tanesinin benomile direnç gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Benomilin bu dirençli türlerin gelişimini engelleme oranının %19 ile %66 arasında olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Sweeteners that sugar substitute is a food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar while containing significantly less food energy. Some sugar substitutes are produced by nature, and others produced synthetically. Sweeteners can be classified as sugar alcohols (polyols), artificial sweeteners and natural sweeteners. The need to avoid the adverse effects of sugar cannot stop feeling the taste on humans has resulted in intense use of sweeteners nowadays. There are positive and negative opinions about the effects of their use on human health. The general tendency of food producers is to reduce the amount of sugar in the groats due to negative effects in parallel. Food sweeteners are intended for a large group of consumers, and one of the main points of the sector operators is to provide healthier, natural, nutritional and low calorie sweeteners to these consumers. In this study, we evaluated the sweeteners which are most commonly used. Many studies have been done to demonstrate the safety of sweeteners. There are also studies showing that there may be side effects even if there are few. Some sweeteners have been associated with a number of symptoms. There is a need for comparative long-term work in this area.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) has been remained an important agricultural crop in resolving global food issues through decades. The crop has experienced enormous growth in terms of production throughout the world in recent decades because of improvement in agricultural mechanization, fertilizers application and irrigation practices. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of this valuable crop is still vulnerable to losses due to prevalence of different viral, bacterial, fungal and nematodes infestations. Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is one of the most threatening pathogenic diseases which not only results in direct crop losses but also cause farmers to embrace huge monetary expenses for disease control and preventive measures. The disease is well known for notorious ‘Irish Famine’ which resulted in drop of Irish population by more than 20% as result of hunger and potato starvation. Globally, annual losses of crop and money spend on fungicides for late blight control exceeds one trillion US dollars. This paper reviews the significance of late blight of potato and controlling strategies adopted for minimizing yield losses incurred by this disease by the use of synthetic fungicides. Advantages and disadvantages of fungicides application are discussed.

Lactococcus lactis plays a critical role in food, dairy and health sectors. In food and dairy industries, it is found in production processes of various fermented products such as sausages, pickled vegetables, beverages such as beer and wine, breads, soymilk kefir, sour milk, butter, cream, fresh cheese and different types of cheeses, like Cheddar, Colby, Cottage cheese, Camembert, cream cheese, Roquefort and Brie. Additionally, there is an increasing interest towards the possible health benefits of the probiotic activity of this organism which generally is species and strain specific and depends upon the survival in gastrointestinal tract with sufficient number. Certain strains have the ability to produce antimicrobial peptide called nisin which exhibits preservative potential. Therefore, application of bacteriocinogenic Lactococcus lactis in food and dairy sectors to preserve foods as a natural way and contributing health promoting attributes due to probiotic activity would definitely fulfil today’s consumer demands. This paper aimed to review the adaptation, antibiotic resistance, therapeutic and preservation potential of bacteriocinogenic and probiotic Lactococcus lactis.

The study was conducted on farmers' field in sofi district of Harari Regional State during 2013/2014 main cropping season, eastern Ethiopia, to investigate the impact of brewery sludge on sorghum production and soil fertility. The treatments comprised seven levels of brewery sludges (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 and 15.0 t ha-1) and NP inorganic fertilizer at recommended rate, arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. Application of brewery sludge at 15 t ha-1 significantly increased the yield and biomass yield of sorghum by 79 and 85% over control and by 57 and 67% over NP application, respectively. There was no effect of brewery sludge application on heavy metals concentrations in soil after crop harvest, compared to international standard tolerable level. Co and Se levels were high in the control as well as in the soils treated with brewery sludge indicating the already high concentration of these heavy metals in the soils of the area. Plots, which received higher brewery sludge application, resulted in decreased or less percentage of grain nitrogen content showing the independence of grain protein content on lower brewery sludge level. The nitrogen uptake by sorghum grain, straw and the total was maximum (52.68, 44.25 and 79.03 kg ha-1, respectively) with the application of brewery waste sludge at 10 and 15 t ha-1 which were significantly higher than the other brewery sludge and NP mineral fertilizer applications.