Bu araştırmada, Adıyaman ve Gaziantep illerinde organik tarım yapan üreticilerin tarım sigortasına yaklaşımları anket yoluyla belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla, Gaziantep ilinde 84, Adıyaman ilinde ise 79 adet organik tarım üreticisi ile yüz yüze anket yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, elde edilen verilerin değerlendirilmesinde ortalamalar ve Khi-kare yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Tarım sigortası yaptırıp yaptırmama durumunu etkileyen değişkenler lojistik regresyon analizi yapılarak incelenmiştir. Her iki ilde en çok sigorta yaptırılan organik ürün antepfıstığı olup, bunu zeytin, üzüm, ceviz, badem ve nar takip etmiştir. En çok sigorta yaptıran yaş grubunun 46 yaş üzeri ve ilköğretim mezun grupları olduğu görülmüştür. Adıyaman ilindeki organik tarım yapan çiftçilerin, tarım sigortası yaptırma durumunun Gaziantep ilindeki çiftçilere oranla 0,501 kat olduğu saptanmıştır. Üreticilerin tarım sigortası yaptırma nedeni olarak, ürünlerinin çok zarar görmesi, geleceğe daha güvenle bakabilmek, sürekli afet riskinin olması ve sigortaya devletin destek vermesini sebep olarak ifade etmişlerdir. Tarım sigortası yaptırmayan üreticiler gerekçe olarak, sigorta maliyetinin yüksek olması, hasar ödemelerinin zamanında yapılacağına inanmamaları ve doğal afetlerden hiç zarar görmemiş olmalarını bildirmişlerdir.

Bu çalışma ile günümüzde ısınma amaçlı ve mobilyacılıkta dolgu malzemesi olarak kullanılan fındık kabuğunun organik bir materyal olan biyokömüre dönüştürülerek, farklı topraklarda yetiştirilen buğday bitkisinin rizosfer bölgesindeki mikrobiyal aktivite üzerine etkinliği araştırılmıştır. Sera şartlarında, kumlu killi-tın ve kumlu-tınlı tekstüre sahip iki farklı toprağa 0, 10 ve 20 ton/ha biyokömür ilave edilerek buğday bitkisinin rizosfer bölgesindeki biyolojik özellikleri (mikrobiyal biomass-C, CO2-üretimi, üreaz, asit fosfataz ve alkalin fosfataz aktiviteleri) üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre üreaz enzim aktivitesi her iki tekstürde de 10 ton/ha dozu ile etkili olurken, asit ve alkalin fosfataz enzim aktivitesi kumlu-tın tekstürde10 ton/ha dozunda, kumlu-tın bünyede ise 20 ton/ha uygulamasında daha etkili bulunmuştur. CO2 üretimi ve mikrobiyal biyomass-C değerlerinde ise sırası ile 10 ton/ha ve 20 ton/ha dozları öne çıkmıştır.

Olea europaea (zeytin) bitkisi başta gıda, sabun, kozmetik gibi pek çok alanda yaygın bir kullanıma sahip olup geleneksel tedavilerde de kullanıldığı bilinen ve tıbbi yönü olan bir bitkidir. Bu çalışmada Kahramanmaraş’ın merkez bölgesinde yetişen zeytin ağacı yaprakları haziran ayında toplanmış ve farklı çözücülerle elde edilen ekstraktlarından toplam fenolik, flavonoid içerikleri ile antioksidan, enzim inhibisyon aktivitelerinin yanı sıra yağ asidi bileşenleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca tüm bitki ekstraktlarının antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri oyuk agar (well-diffusion) metodu ile ve MIC değerleri mikroplakalarda tespit edilmiştir. GC-MS analiz sonucuna göre O. europaea’nın yaprak kısmına ait 13 farklı yağ asidi belirlenmiştir. Sabit yağın başlıca bileşenlerini oleik asit, linoleik asit, palmitik asit, gama-linoleik asit, lignoserik asit, stearik asit, miristik asit, palmiteloik asit, trikosanoik asit ve nervonik asit oluşturmaktadır. Bitki ekstraklarının toplam fenolik madde değerleri; 31,72-59,31 mg/g, toplam flavonoid miktarları 4,64-15,98 mg/g, FRAP değerleri 38,93-50,44 µg/g ve DPPH değerleri 0,85-1,71 mg/g olarak tespit edilmiştir. Antimikrobiyal etki açısından test edilen 12 mikroorganizma üzerinde ise O. europaea yaprakları farklı oranlarda inhibisyon göstermiştir.

Staphylococcus aureus can cause foodborne poisoning and can form biofilms, reducing enterotoxin production and the penetration rate of antibiotics. Therefore, infections and poisonings caused by S. aureus can be difficult to treat. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance levels of S. aureus isolates obtained from raw milk and the presence of biofilm and mecA gene and to reveal the risk to public health. S. aureus was isolated in 30 (30%) of 100 raw milk samples obtained from Van province. A total of 48 S. aureus isolates were obtained from 30 samples. All 48 isolates (100%) obtained were resistant to penicillin G and cefoxitin, 4 (8.33%) to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and chloramphenicol, and 25 (52.08%) to erythromycin. All of the isolates (100%) were found to be susceptible to ceftriaxone. In addition, 26 (54.16%) of the obtained isolates were found to be resistant to at least 3 antibiotics. The strains found to be resistant to penicillin and cefoxitin were also intermediate to at least one of the antibiotics. Biofilm genes were detected in 18 of the S. aureus isolates (37.5%). Twelve of the biofilm-forming isolates contain icaA (66.6%), 3 contain icaD (16.6%) and the other 3 contain bap genes (16.6%). Three of the isolates contain icaA and icaD genes and the other three isolates contain icaA and bap genes together. It was determined that only 2 of the isolates contained the mecA gene. The isolates containing the mecA gene also contained the icaA and icaD genes. In conclusion, the fact that S. aureus isolates had high antibiotic resistance, biofilm-forming genes, and methicillin resistance genes showed that raw milk may be a serious public health problem.

In recent years, agricultural machinery for precision agriculture has made extensive use of information and communication technologies. An Android-based module was developed in this study to allow the nozzles on the field sprayer booms to be opened and closed as a group. The developed module was tested on a 24 m working width field sprayer, controlling 48 pairs of nozzles in 4-8 groups based on GPS position data. For control, an electronic control unit and an application developed in the Android operating system were used. Wireless communication between the electronic control card and the developed software is provided via Bluetooth.  The module, which was created through laboratory and field trials, was successfully tested.

Soybean is a nutritious crop commonly used for food enrichment due to its rich nutritional content and valuable functional characteristics. Soy products and also soymilk are potential ingredients for substitution of milk powder in food products with respect to providing high nutritious quality, lowering production cost and being an alternative for vegan and vegetarian diets. In this study, soymilk powder and soy protein isolate were added to milk chocolate to obtain a functional food product. Some chemical, physical and functional properties of powder ingredients were determined. Soymilk powder was found to have 44.43 % protein, 18.14 % fat and 6.06 % ash content. According to the chemical analysis, inactivation of 99.1 % for LOX-1, 100 % for LOX-3 and 98.5 % for trypsin inhibitors was achieved by heat treatment of 98 °C for 20 minutes. Functionality of chocolates was evaluated in terms of total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity. The results were significantly higher than the literature data. Considering all results in terms of functionality, it can be stated that soymilk powder and soy protein isolate can be added to milk chocolate in order to obtain a functional food product.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott extracts. Results showed that the total phenols and flavonoids contents of the extracts ranged from 24.57 to 316.11 mg GAE/g and from 1.80 to 12.41μg QE/mg, respectively. Ethyl acetate (EaES) and aqueous (AqES) extracts from seeds showed the highest DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50= 5.51 and 23.43 μg/mL). EaES from seeds, stem bark and fruit pod were the most active in inhibiting β-carotene oxidation. While, aqueous extracts have the ability to chelate ferrous ions. Significant antibacterial activity was obtained against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa; and inhibition zones varied between 10 to 29.5 mm. MIC and MBC ranged from 0.7–11.25 mg/mL and 5.63–22.5 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, synergistic effects were obtained, where inhibition zones varied between 7 and 50 mm. These results support the use of this species in traditional medicine in many physiological disorders and could be used where antioxidant and antibacterial are warranted.

The protein content in egg contributes effectively to the fulfilment of nutrients in daily life at an affordable price and acceptable organoleptic properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of anti-caking agent addition (maltodextrin and tricalcium phosphate) on the quality and functional properties of salted duck egg powder. Addition of 2% maltodextrin increased the moisture content in salted duck egg powders as much 36% compared to the control. 2% TCP incorporation decreased the moisture content up to 54%, could not maintain the emulsion stability, but it increased the emulsion activity. There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) on the parameter of foaming capacity and foaming stability. Anticaking agent maltodextrin and TCP did not affect the water holding capacity of all four salted duck eggs powder. However, maltodextrin addition slightly increased the oil holding capacity. Due to the functional properties of emulsification, foaming, water and oil binding, salted duck egg powders are potentially utilized for the complementary of a large number of food products with its characteristics of longer shelf life and specific flavor.

Ethylene insensitive-3 (EIN3) / Ethylene insensitive-3-like (EIL) protein family is a small family of transcription factors specific to plants that play role in plant growth and development under various environmental conditions. In this study, various bioinformatics approaches were used to make an in-depth identification of the EIN3/EIL family at both the gene and protein levels. So, 11 Pvul-EIL genes were identified and their approximate locations were determined. Various biochemical and physicochemical properties of EIL proteins in Phaseolus vulgaris have been described. It was determined that Pvul-EIL proteins had a length of 447-651 amino acids and a molecular weight of 51.08-70.68 kDa. All duplications occurring in the Pvul-EIL genome were segmental type. It was observed that conserved motif, gene structure and phylogeny analyses all yielded similar results. For instance, it has been understood that genes with same motif type and number have similar gene structures and were located under the same branch in the phylogenetic tree. Pvul-EIL protein homology modeling showed that DNA binding properties and protein structure were similar to Arabidopsis EIN3. According to cis-element analysis, Pvul-EIL genes are engaged in a wide range of functions, including tissue-specific, stress, and hormone-sensitive expression. Additionally, RNAseq data was used to perform a comparative expression analysis of EIL genes. Various Pvul-EIL gene expression levels were detected under salt and drought stress. This is the first study to check the gene expression levels in P. vulgaris using in-silico detection and characterization of EIL genes. Therefore, obtained results can form the basis for future studies.

The objective of this study is to diagnose the potato sector in the El Oued region by highlighting the technical and environmental situation of this sector. For this purpose, a field survey was carried out at the level of 75 farms in the El Oued region. The Oued Souf region’s Farm Sustainability Indicator (IDEA) is important. The assessment of agro-ecological, socio-territorial and economic indicators indicates that the agro-ecological indicator is the most represented by (the indicator of fertilizer and agricultural practices) by 98 out of 100. The results of this study show that this crop presents a good adaptation to the conditions of the region. This sector is undergoing significant development and is of great importance because this agricultural activity represents an economic potential at the local, regional and national levels. However, this sector remains fragile in relation to various constraints of a technical nature (unreasonable irrigation and fertilization and high seed prices), economic (price fluctuations and disorganized markets) and environmental (diseases, weeds) which directly influence the functioning of farms and therefore their profitability. This is why it is necessary to face the problems encountered and fight against the factors that can hinder the sustainability of this sector and give a competitive value.