Yerfıstığında bulunan alerjenler dünya çapında milyonlarca tüketicinin sağlığını ve yaşam kalitesini olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Yer fıstığı bitkisi (Arachis hypogaea L.) tohumları, alerjiye yatkın bireylerde spesifik IgE antikorlarının üretimini tetikleyen bir dizi alerjen içerir. Şu anda yer fıstığında bulunan 18 protein alerjen olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu alerjenler Ara h 1’den Ara h 18’ye kadar adlandırılmaktadır. Ara h 2, Ara h 6 ve Ara h 7 albumin, Ara h 1 ve Ara h 3 globulin kaynaklıdır. Ara h, yer fıstığının Latince adı olan Arachis hypogaea’nın kısaltılmış halidir. Yer fıstık alerjisi fıstığı veya fıstık ürünlerini tükettikten kısa bir süre sonra meydana gelen bir reaksiyondur. Dilde şişme, damakta kaşıntı, boğazda kaşıntı ve yanma, gözde ve burunda kaşıntı, bulantı, kusma, karın ağrısı, nefes darlığı, hırıltılı solunum, morarma, göğüs ağrısı, kurdeşen, tansiyon düşüklüğü ve şoka kadar gidebilen çeşitli belirtileri vardır. Bu derlemede yer fıstığı alerjenlerinin özellikleri ve alerjen etkiyi azaltma yöntemleri incelenmiştir.

Tıbbi bitki Raphanus sativus L. yumru kökünün su, etanol ve metanol ekstraktlarının Vicia faba L. (bakla) yapraklarında Botrytis cinerea fungusunun oluşturacağı kurşuni küf hastalığına karşı toplam protein içeriği ve peroksidaz (POX) aktivitesi bakımından bitkide meydana getirebileceği antioksidan savunma sistemi spektrofotometrik olarak analiz edilmiştir. R. sativus yumru kökünün su, etanol ve metanol ekstraktlarının stok solüsyonları dimetil sülfoksit (DMSO) ile hazırlanmıştır. 105 spor/mL B. cinerea spor süspansiyonu hazırlanmıştır. V. faba yapraklarına sadece distile su (negatif kontrol), sadece DMSO, sadece B. cinerea (pozitif kontrol), sadece ekstrakt uygulamaları (distile su, etanol ve metanol ekstraktı) ve ekstrakt uygulamaları sonrasında B. cinerea uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapraklar, analizi yapılacak olan yöntemlere uygun olarak ekstrakte edilmiştir. Ekstraktlardan elde edilen süpernatantlardan analizler spektrofotometrik olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, toplam protein içeriğinin distile su uygulanan (negatif kontrol) gruba kıyasla ekstrakt:fungus uygulama gruplarında artış gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Fakat sadece fungus uygulanan (pozitif kontrol) gruba kıyasla genel olarak azaldığı belirlenmiştir. POX aktivitesinin ise, negatif kontrol grubuna kıyasla artış gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Toplam protein içeriği ve POX aktivitesi, sadece ekstrakt uygulanan gruplarda negatif kontrol grubuna göre artış göstermiştir. En yüksek POX aktivitesi, 10 mg/mL distile su:fungus uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. Bu açıdan, ekstrakt:fungus uygulanan gruplar arasında en iyi antioksidan aktivitenin 10 mg/mL distile su:fungus uygulaması olduğu belirtilebilmektedir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında, R. sativus saf su, etanol ve metanol ekstraktlarının V. faba yapraklarında antioksidan savunma yanıtı verdiği belirtilebilmektedir.

The aim of this study is to reveal how consumers perceive the Geographical indication (GI) label in Mersin, which has such a rich diversity, and the factors that are effective in this perception. In this context, our main population is 571,485, which is the average number of households in Mersin in 2020, and a survey study was conducted with 260 consumers by using Simple Random Sampling Method Based on Main Audience Ratios in sample selection. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the most important factors in the purchasing behavior of consumers are the price of the product, the certificates of the product and the content of the product. Consumers define quality food as a natural, additive-free and healthy product. While 41.41% of the consumers had heard of the concept of GI, 23.54% of these people stated that they had sufficient knowledge about the subject. On the other hand, 6.79% of the consumers stated that they pay more attention to the GI labels in the products they buy than other consumers. 18.10% of consumers who have knowledge about the GI concept perceive the GI label as a quality indicator. On the other hand, 24.22% of consumers reported that they are willing to overpay for GI registered products. As a result, it can be said that more information should be provided on GI in Mersin, where an important development has been experienced especially after the Law enacted in 2016, and this system will be an important local development tool if the deficiencies in this area are eliminated.

Cornus mas L. (Cornaceae) ve Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae) Anadolu’da doğal olarak büyüyen bitki türlerindendir. Her iki bitkinin meyveleri antosiyaninler, fenolikler ve vitaminler bakımından zengin olup; şurup, meyve suları, reçel ve marmelat gibi çeşitli geleneksel ürünlerin üretilmesinde kullanılmaktadır. C. mas ve R. canina’nın yaş ve kurutulmuş meyvelerinden elde edilen ekstraktların, bazı biyoaktif içeriklerinin yanı sıra antimikrobiyal aktivitesi araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca C. mas ve R. canina yaş ve kuru meyve ekstraktlarının GC-MS analizi sonucunda, farklı sayıda yağ asidi belirlenmiştir. Her iki türün ekstraktlarındaki başlıca yağ asitleri, palmitik, oleik ve linoleik asitin değişen oranlarıyla tespit edilmiştir. Biyoaktif madde içerikleri ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteler, ekstraksiyon metoduna göre farklılık göstermiş ve kuru meyvelerden elde edilen metanolik ekstraktlar; yaş meyvelerden suyla elde edilen ekstraktlara göre daha iyi sonuçlar ortaya koymuştur. Bitki örneklerinin antimikrobiyal aktivitesi 8 bakteri ve 1 maya üzerinde oyuk agar metoduna göre test edilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre her iki bitki örneği de B.subtilis ve MRSA hariç tüm test mikroorganizmaları üzerine değişen oranlarda inhibisyon göstermiştir.

In this study, the quality criteria and sensory properties of olive oil samples of Saurani, Karamani and Halhali olive varieties collected in 3 different harvest times from Hatay province were investigated depending on the variety and harvest time. For this purpose, in olives; oil yield and ripening index, in the obtained olive oils; free fatty acids, peroxide number, UV specific absorbance and sensory properties were determined. The oil content of olives ranges between 23.77-34.77% and the highest oil yield was determined in the olive variety, Karamani (3rd maturity). In olive oils, free fatty acids were found in the range of 0.33-1.02% (oleic acid), K232 values ranging between 0.33-0.88, K270 values ranging between 0.004-0.177 and peroxide numbers between 2.47-8.40 meq O2/kg. The total phenolic content values of olive oils vary between 156.78-584.25 mg GAE/kg, and the highest phenolic content was determined during the first harvest of the Halhali variety. It was determined that the amount of phenolic content of the cultivars decreased with maturity. In the sensory analysis of olive oil samples, fruitiness was determined as greater than 0 by all panelists. The median of fruitiness in olive oil samples ranged from 3.62 to 5.88, and the median of fruitiness decreased with maturity in all varieties. The median of bitterness ranged from 2.62-5.23 and decreased with maturity. The pungency median varied in the range of 3.12-5.34, and pungency was reduced with maturity. The median of fruitiness, bitterness and pungency of Halhali olive oil was determined the highest.

In this study, poppy seed, which is rich in vegetable oil and protein, was added to the traditional Beyşehir tarhana instead of wheat batter. It was aimed to develop a new product and to open a new field for the use poppy seeds. The physical, chemical and sensory features of Beyşehir tarhana that was made with poppy seeds, were analysed. Results of the study; humidity is 6.75% to 7.94%; as his %2.75 to %3.66; salt 1.66% to 1.44%; protein 16.92% to 25.71%; oil 11.99% to 24.03%; pH 4.56 to 5.56; acidity 16.43% to 14.59%; energy 423.13 kcal/100g to 480.36 kcal/100g; carbohydrates 61.9% to 40.3%; were found in these amounts, and they are important. Generally, we see that, most of the people liked the taste of the tarhana sample made with 10% poppy seeds so it has the most points. However, the least liked one was the tarhana sample made with %20 poppy seeds and it has the least points. End of the study, it was observed that the addition of poppy seeds to Beyşehir tarhana affected the chemical, physical and sensory qualities of tarhana positively and it was okay with the standards. (Anonymous, 2004) It was determined that the percentage of poppy seeds suitable for tarhana production was 5% and 10%.

Cattle manure (CM) is mostly used as an inoculum in order to start-up of agricultural biogas plants or as a co-substrate in the anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic content. Rumen fluid microbiota is also considered to be effective in lignocellulose digestion. It is known that microorganisms in the ruminal waste facilitate the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic structures. However, there are few studies on the inoculum effect of rumen microorganisms on bioreactor performances when rumen content is used as co-substrate and inoculum together with cattle manure, and it is not clear how rumen waste can be used in various anaerobic digestion systems. In this study, biogas production efficiencies obtained from lignocellulosic content in mono and cosubstrate (1:1 and 1:2 Volatile Solids) bioreactors formed by using ruminal waste (RW) and CM microbial communities were investigated. In order to determine the biogas production efficiencies, biomethane potential (BMP) experiments that simulate anaerobic digestion process conditions in a laboratory environment were applied. Treatment with 50% application of RW cosubstrate, 65.51% biogas and 70.64% methane production efficiency increases were achieved compared to monosubstrate CM bioreactor.

A total of 46 chub mackerel and 23 Atlantic mackerel samples were taken from the commercial fishermen engaged in purse seine fishing from the Izmir Bay during the fishing period of 2020-2021. The samples were dissected in the laboratory, 15 ovaries from mature females were taken and fecundity was determined. The minimum, maximum and mean values of total length of Scomber scombrus respectively; It is 26.9-31 cm (mean: 28.89±1.44), 150 420-454 260 (mean: 259 300±97 369). A linear relationship was determined between total length fecundity in mackerel and this value was TL=25.396+0.000013×F (R2=0.83). Oocyte diameter; It is 1.1-.2 (mean: 1.16±0.10) mm. The minimum, maximum and mean values of total length of Scomber colias respectively; it is 25.1-25.9 cm (mean: 25.59±0.26), fecundity 134 853-417 500 (mean: 322 381±84 172). A linear relationship was found between total length fecundity in lichen and this value was TL=24.682+0.000003×F (R2=0.80). Oocyte diameter; It is 0.99-1 (mean:1.02±0.06) mm.

During cheese ripening many biochemical reactions occur, including hydrolysis of fat, lactose metabolism, and protein breakdown. The aim of this study is to compare the direct measurement method from cheese with simple extraction methods in determining the hydrolysis of fats by FTIR spectroscopy. For this purpose, white cheese samples were produced, ripened for 60 days and analysed at 20-day intervals. The content of fatty acids was determined by gas chromatography, while its estimation was performed using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR). As a result, the PLSR performance obtained from fat extract samples by FTIR spectroscopy was shown higher values than the performance obtained from the direct measurement from cheese. It has been shown that simple extraction methods provide higher performance in FTIR spectroscopic measurements made from cheese.

This research was conducted to compare single and twin-row planting patterns and to determine optimum plant density for hybrid maize varieties (DKC5364, P0573), grown in Western Blacksee conditions of Türkiye, in the main crop growing season in 2020. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split-split plot arrangement with three replications. Hybrid maize varieties were in the main plots, planting patterns (single row (70 cm) and twin row (70-20cm) were in the split plots and plant densities of 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 plants/m2 were in the split- split plots. In the current study, plant height, first ear height, stem diameter, ears number per plant, ear length, ear diameter, and ear weigth were examined. Effects of varieties, planting patterns and plant densities on plant heights, first ear heights, ears numbers per plants and ear weigths were statistically significant. Higher values were observed at DKC5364 maize variety than P0573 variety for examined characteristics. The most suitable plant densities were determined as 11 plants/m2 for grain production and 12 plants/m2 for silage production in twin row plantig in Western Blacksee conditions of Türkiye