Land banking is one of the systems used in the management and planning of agricultural lands. The aim of the study, to examine the land banking system and the reasons for land banking in Turkey, land banking activities with the establishment stage and examine samples in the world. Land banking in the agricultural sector contributes such as improvement in the land market, guiding the land market for sustainable development and land use planning. In addition, the land banking system is shaped according to the needs of each country and there are four approaches to how the market will have a responsibility and intervene in the market. The prevalence of small-scale enterprises, the scattered and multi-piece of farm lands, which are one of the major problems of Turkish agriculture, hinders the efficient use of resources, hampers the use of technology and threatens food security. Therefore, integrating systems such as land banking into agriculture is thought to contribute to the solution of structural problems.

Belediye çöplüğü olarak adlandırılan ve çöplerin düzensiz olarak depolandığı alanlar çevrenin yaşam kalitesini düşürmesinin yanında toprağa ve su kaynaklarına zarar vermektedir. Bu alanların en önemli etkisi depolanan çöplerin içerdiği zararlı maddelerin çevreye yayılması, toprakta birikmesi ve taban suyuna karışmasıdır. Bu çalışmada uzun yıllardır düzensiz çöp depolama alanı olarak kullanılmış olan Çorlu düzensiz çöp depolama alanının, yakınında bulunan tarım alanlarına kirletici etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla depolama alanı ile Çorlu deresi arasında kalan ve tarım yapılan alandan örneklemeler yapılmıştır. Çöp depolama alanına farklı mesafede 22 noktadan ve 3 farklı derinlikten toplam 66 toprak ve 14 bitki örneği alınmıştır. Toprak ve bitki örneklerinde Magnezum (Mg), Potasyum (K), Kalsiyum (Ca), Fosfor (P), Demir (Fe), Mangan (Mn), Bakır (Cu), Çinko (Zn) analizleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca verilerin daha kolay anlaşılırlığını sağlamak için, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) yardımıyla makro ve mikro elementlerin dağılım haritaları yapılarak, toprak ve bitkide bulunan miktarların daha kolay anlaşılabilirliği sağlanmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre toprakların element içerikleri ile çöp alanı arasında mesafe ile ilgili bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Araştırma alanının eğimli olması ve bahar yağışlarının topraklarda yıkanmaya neden olması toprakların element konsantrasyonunun değişmesine neden olmuştur. Ayrıca çalışma alanının tekstürü kumlu tından kile kadar değişiklik göstermektedir. Toprak analiz sonuçları kil içeriği yüksek olan noktalarda element konsantrasyonlarının nispeten yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Toprakların kirlilik sınıflandırmasına göre tehlikeli metaller içinde yer alan Cu ve Zn sınır değerleri aşmamıştır. Bitkilerde ise Fe hariç Mn, Cu ve Zn içerikleri sınır değerleri aşmamıştır.

Gladiolus is a perennial geophyte, semi-rustice herb and belongs to the Iridaceae family. Gladiolus is an important bulbous ornamental plant. It is used as cut flowers, garden and potted plants. Turkey, which is among the major gene centers of the world and has a special place in plant genetic diversity, has rich genetic resources of geophytes including Gladiolus. However, many plant genetic resources, including Gladiolus are under genetic erosion because of the environmental and other problems and therefore face with the danger of extinction. Turkey has one Gladiolus species in IUCN Red List category. This species is Gladiolus italicus and its Red list category is Least Concern (LC). Gladiolus italicus is distributed in Macaronesia, Mediterranean basin to central Asia. Also introduced and naturalized in California. It naturally grows in many parts of Turkey. The other Gladiolus species that are reported to be under threat in Turkey are; Gladiolus anatolicus, Gladiolus antakiensis, Gladiolus halophilus, Gladiolus humilis, Gladiolus micranthus. In addition to their potential usage as ornamental plants, their usage in phytomedicine due to the medical properties of the modified stems, leaves and in other related industries increases their importance. Therefore, it is very important to protect these genetic resources of Gladiolus.

This study was conducted to investigate incidence of Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in 100 samples of salad and appetizers (50 salad and 50 appetizer samples) collected from retailers located various districts of Istanbul. Conventional microbiological methods and PCR procedures were used for Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus while only PCR procedures were used for the analysis of Toxoplasma gondii. Also PCR specifity and sensitivity for all the positive samples were calculated. According to the results, Listeria monocytogenes was detected in 9 samples (9%) and Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 36 (36%) samples while all the samples were negative for Toxoplasma gondii. PCR sensitivity results were quite specific and accurate for both Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. It was concluded that salad and appetizers may be seriously threat consumers’ health microbiologically if they are processed under poor hygienic conditions.

All feeds used in animal nutrition are classified in various ways, including raw, semi-processed and processed, depending on the additives they contain. Animal feed input, which is generally classified as coarse and mixed feed, constitutes about 30-40% of the total production costs in cattle farms. Therefore, supply-demand elasticity of feed input, input-product price relations and exchange rate changes directly affect the costs, profits and thus sustainability of farms. Additionally, it is necessary to know how the two important activities of the agricultural sector, forage crops production and animal husbandry, affect each other and, if necessary, regulatory measures should be taken. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of cost changes in forage crops production on animal product market. The main data of the study consisted of the time series data of the period 1995-2017 and cross-sectional data obtained from the 107 agricultural farms determined by random sampling method in face-to-face survey method in 2017-2018 production period. Partial equilibrium model used in the study. In the model, diesel and fertilizer prices, which are the most important cost elements in forage crops production; barley, maize and sunflower prices have a statistically significant and positive effect. Partial equilibrium model was used to reveal the effect of cost change in forage crops production on animal product market. Partial balance model results, increasing barley, maize and sunflower prices increase feed prices. Forage crops costs are the highest cost item after purchase of live animal material.

Bu çalışmada kerevit (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz) yemine farklı oranlarda katılan selenyumun hepatopankreas ve gonad dokularında paraoksonaz (PON) ve arilesteraz (ARE) enzim aktivitelerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada, toplam selenyum düzeyi 0,3, 0,6, 0,9 ve 1,2 mg/kg yem olan sırasıyla; Kontrol (K), Deneme 1 (D1), Deneme 2 (D2) ve Deneme 3 (D3) yemleri oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma yemlerinin ham protein ve toplam enerji düzeyleri eşitlenmiştir. Çalışmada ebatları 2,0 × 2,0 × 1,0 m olan 12 adet havuz kullanılmıştır. Her bir havuza 75 dişi-25 erkek olacak şekilde toplam 1200 adet kerevit stoklanmıştır. Üç tekrarlı olarak yürütülen çalışmada kerevitler günde 2 öğün olmak üzere 9 ay süreyle yemlenmiştir. Kerevitlerden aylık olarak alınan doku örneklerinde PON ve ARE enzim aktiviteleri tespit edilmiştir. Deneme süresince hepatopankreas ve gonad dokularındaki PON ve ARE enzim aktivitelerinde istatistiksel olarak önemli farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Kerevitlerin dokularında üreme sezonu ve kuluçka süresi boyunca PON ve ARE enzim aktivitelerinin arttığı belirlenmiştir. Bu artışın kontrol grubuna kıyasla D1, D2 ve D3 gruplarında istatistiksel olarak farklı olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, selenyumun A. leptodactylus’un çiftleşme dönemi, yumurtlama dönemi ve kuluçka süresi boyunca PON ve ARE enzim aktivitelerini olumlu yönde etkilediği görülmüştür.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different doses and combinations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Putrescine elicitor on some plant characteristics of summer snowflake (Leucojum aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted for two years between 2017-2019 in the greenhouse of Uşak University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences. Bulbs with ~7 cm circumference and ~9 g weight were used as a material of this study, and was constructed with randomized blocks design with 3 replications. The bulbs were treated for 24 hours before planting with 5, 10 and 15 mg/l BAP; 5, 10 and 15 mg/l Putrescine elicitor in different combinations (16 different combinations). Thereafter, all bulbs were planted in crates. In the first year, only plant height, number of leaves per bulb were recorded and at the end of the second year, the plant height, number of leaves per bulb, number of leaves per daughter bulb, number of bulbs, leaf weight, root length and weight, bulb weight, unit bulb weight, alkaloid contents were measured after removal of bulbs from the soil. According to the results, plant height ranged 19,3-30,0 cm; the number of leaves ranged 6.5 to 12.6, and the number of bulbs ranged 0.9 to 4.6. Root weight was determined between 13.4-47.1 g/parcel, fresh leaf weight ranged 12.4-49.2 g/parcel, and one bulb weight was between 3.5-14.6 g. It was determined that the bulb plant was influenced by different treatments. The maximum growth was noted with 5 mg/l Putrescine elicitor treatment that increased plant height, number of leaves per bulb each year and number of bulbs.

During the growing seasons between 2009 and 2010, totally 213 shoot and leaf samples were collected from the vineyards in Manisa, Denizli, Nevşehir, Elazığ, İzmir, Ankara, Çanakkale, Tekirdağ, Edirne and Kırklareli, which are commercially important viticulture production areas of Turkey. All grapevine samples were serologically investigated for the presence of Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaVs) using GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, GLRaV 4-9, GLRaV-6 and GLRaV-7 DAS-ELISA kits. In 143 of total, (67.14%) single or multiple infections were detected. GLRaV4-9, -7, -3, -1, -2 and -6 were detected as 53.52%, 36.15%, 34.74%, 32. 86%, 32.39% and 3.28%, respectively in the surveyed area. Eastern Anatolia Region had the highest infection rate (100%), followed by Marmara, Aegean, and Central Anatolia Region (69.74%, 75%, 62% and 26.47%, respectively). While the highest infection rates were obtained in Marmara Region for GLRaV-1, -2 and -3 as 43.42%, 44.74% and 50% respectively, GLRaV4-9 found as 100% in Eastern Anatolia Region. The highest infection rate was detected in Marmara Region for GLRaV-6 as 3.95%. The most common multiple infection was determined as GLRaV-1, -2, -3, 4-9 and -7 with the rate of 36.17%.

Intensive pesticide use in vineyard resulted in residue problem on vine leaves that are used as food. This study was aimed at development of a proper chemical control program to reduce the pesticide residue problem on vine (cv. Narince) leaves in vineyards during the growing period. The residues of some fungicides were determined according to spraying time in the fresh (unprocessed) and preserved (brined) leaves. Additionally, the effects of preservation process on degradation of the fungucides residues were investigated. In this study three fungicides (Azoxystrobin, Triadimenol, Hexaconazole) were applied alternately for both powdery mildew and “Colomerus vitis” management, and two fungucides (Copper oxychloride, Metalaxyl + Mancozeb) for downy mildew control. Additionaly vine leaves were harvested at two different times: (i) before the half-life of the pesticides were reached and (ii) after the half-life of the pesticides have elapsed. Two different methods were applied to preserve the vine leaves. In first treatment, leaf samples were boiled in hot (98±2°C) tap water, then leaves were placed into jars, then filled with brine containing 8.0% salt + 0.25% lactic acid. In second treatment, vine leaves were placed into jars, then filled with tap water and brine containing 8.0% salt+0.25% lactic acid. The residue levels of the fungicides were determined on leaves. Detectable copper and the other fungucide residues are compared according to Turkish Food Codex. Preserving applications were decreased fungicide and copper residue levels and hot water brining was decreased the levels of fungicide residues between 75.2% and 99.2%, according to the applications. As a result, systemic fungicides should not be used in vineyards in where pickled vine leaves are produced. It is proposed that better to use contact fungicides instead of systemic one and also viticulturists should be careful using the effective contact fungicides.

The aim of the study is to analyse the efficiency of input use in sunflower production in Karatay district. Turkey ranks 10th in sunflower production in the world and Konya province has 13.39% capacity of sunflower production in Turkey, placing the 2nd place in terms of production. 97% of sunflower produced in Konya province is sunflower for oil. Data used in this study was determined as 51 enterprises manufacturing sunflower according to the Stratified Sampling Method. The economic efficiency results of sunflower production were calculated with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEAP) method. The total Gross Production Values (GPV) obtained from the enterprises is 50,221.43 $, the GPV acquired from the sunflower production is 23,844.70 $, the total gross profit is 36,927.29 $ and the sunflower gross profit is 18,285.16 $. According to the efficiency results, economic efficiency was found to be 0.604, resource efficiency was 0.604, technical efficiency was 0.868, and pure efficiency was 0.922 while scale efficiency was 0.942. It should be ensured that enterprises use their resources effectively. Information meetings should be held for enterprises on resource use.