Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler) popular as both edible and medicinal, is one of the most cultivated and consumed mushroom species in the world. Cultivation of this mushroom on different agricultural wastes has been experimented in many studies until today. Nevertheless, agricultural waste trials are going on as agricultural production patterns of the countries are different. In this study, volatile aroma composition of shiitake mushroom produced on different agricultural wastes (wheat stalk, wheat bran, peanut shell, corn cob and vine pruning waste) was compared. Oak sawdust was selected as control because of its common use in literature and substrate materials were mixed at different ratios. In addition, some substrate mixtures were prepared with poplar sawdust. Volatile compounds of the shiitake mushroom were determined by using headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique combined with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). At the end of study, 41 volatile compounds were detected and dimethyl trisulfide, benzaldehyde, dimethyl disulfide, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone were found to be dominant volatile components. Flavour and fragrance of mushrooms are dependent on many volatile aroma compounds and their proportions. While the concentration of eight-carbon components and hydrocarbons was found the highest by using wood straw, amount of sulphur containing compounds and alcohols increased by agricultural wastes in this study. In addition, corn waste positively affected aldehyde compounds.

This study was carried out in order to determine the effect of organic liquid fertilizer applications on grain yield, yield characteristics and some quality trait of wheat in different periods in organic agriculture trial area. The trial was conducted in four replications according to a split-plot design in randomized blocks in trial area of the vocational Akçakale high school during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 growing season. Şölen 2002 and Edessa wheat varieties and organic liquid fertilizer and barnyard manure were used as materials in the research. Organic liquid fertilizer was applied in five different periods such as control, tillering, beginning of the bolting, the end of the bolting and the hearing, provided that the dose remained the same. According to the results of the research, the highest values were obtained in the end of the bolting of Şölen-2002 variety in terms of grain yield and yield components (spike length, spikelet number, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, plant height, hectoliter weight and thousand kernel weight). According to the results of two years, the highest grain yield (530.43 kg/da-1) was obtained in the end of the bolting application of Şölen-2002 variety. Since the first year of the study was warmer and more drought than the second year, While the yield and yield components decreased, the quality characteristics (protein and dry gluten ratio) increased. Due to the temperatures, Edessa variety had higher protein and dry gluten ratios than Şölen-2002 variety.

The purpose of this research is to measure the economic performance and development of rainbow trout farming in inland waters in Turkey. As a result of the research, it was determined that the farms use an average of 82% of their capacities. There was a negative relationship between the farm-scale and CUR, and as the farm scale grows, the CUR decreases. The average feed conversion rate (FCR) of the enterprises was calculated as 1.12. Fish capital (36.8%) had the largest share in active capital, and equity capital (87.2%) had the largest share in passive capital. Net profits of farms falling to one-tonne production capacity; it was calculated as 2.374 TRY in small-scale farms, 1.322 TRY in medium-scale farms and 1.896 TRY in large-scale farms. The proportional profit of farms was 1.08, 0.99, and 1.17, respectively. The average current ratio value of the examined farms was calculated as 3.67 and liquidity ratios as 3.55. As the farm's scale grows, current ratio values also increase, and large-scale farms had more cash assets than small and medium-scale farms. As a result of the research; It can be said that the trout-breeding farms in Turkey have current assets that can pay their short term debts. The average borrowing rate of farms was 0.16. In other words, 16% of the financial assets of the trout farms in Turkey were met from debts. The turnover rate of the assets of the farms was 0.79 and is below the sector average. The average rate of economic profitability of farms was calculated as 0.13. In other words, the income that farms generate from aquaculture is more than the opportunity cost.

Turkey has a great ornithological importance, due to its geographical location, topography, wide territory and different climatic types. From a biodiversity perspective, wetlands are one of the most important areas. Lake Seyfe is one of the important wetlands with economic and ecological value. After being declared a Natural Protected Area in 1989, Lake Seyfe, which gained the status of Natural Protection Area in 1990 and finally declared Ramsar Site in 1994, is extremely important for birds. The lake meets 3 out of 9 Criteria for Identifying Wetlands of International Importance. The research aims to determine bird species of Lake Seyfe by gathering the information contained in the literature covering all observations made in the following years, in addition to the regular field studies conducted weekly between 1996 and 1998. Therefore, a list of birds obtained from all observations made between 1996-2019 has been created. As a result, 26 orders, 57 families, 242 species and 4 subspecies were identified in the site. 20 of the recorded species are globally endangered according to the IUCN red list criteria. Lake Seyfe, an internationally important wetland, is also an important feeding and visiting place for birds during migration.

In this study, the effects of two traditional, three reduced and a zero tillage methods applied for nine years on GEA and PMN were determined and compared. The study, initiated in 2006 as randomized block design, includes a total of 18 plots with 3 replications for 6 different soil tillage systems. In the study, six different soil tillage methods are applied, namely conventional tillage with stubbles (CT-1), conventional tillage with stubbles burned (CT-2), reduced tillage with heavy disc harrow (RT-1), reduced tillage with rototiller (RT-2), reduced tillage with heavy disc harrow (RT-3) and no tillage (NT). Winter wheat was grown as the main crop every year or corn and soybean was grown following the harvest of wheat (second crop) every other year. Differentiation of tillage systems led to a significant variation in GEA and PMN concentrations. The GEA concentration, which increased significantly with the decrease in tillage density, varied between 44.68 mg PNP kg-1 h-1 (CT-2) and 207.66 mg PNP kg-1 h-1 (STI). However, the trend determined in GEA could not be detected in PMN. Although PMN concentration was significantly higher in soils under NT, it was included in the same statistical group with RT-1 for PMN concentrations. Higher PMN concentration in no till soils can be possibly related to the non-disturbance of soil structure. The results of study revealed that reduced and no tillage systems are extremely necessary to increase the quality of soils in the region.

This study aimed to analyze the economic structure of dairy cattle farms, which were members of the Cattle Breeders’ Association in İzmir Province. For this purpose, Ödemiş, Tire, Bayındır and Kiraz districts of İzmir province were included in the study. The main material of the study consisted of data obtained from the farmers through the questionnaire. The data belongs to the 2017 production period. The number of farmers interviewed was determined as 67 by proportional sampling method. When the data were being analyzed, farms were evaluated in three groups depending on their size. According to farm groups, number of cows, respectively, was 5-14, 15-49 and over 50. In the farms surveyed, the average number of animals was 49 heads, the number of milked animals was 22 heads, the daily milk yield was 22 kg and the lactation yield was 7,123 kg. The total active capital of the farms was $373,449 and the share of animal capital in active capital was 22%. Total variable costs per farm were $44,599, fixed costs were $15,605 and production costs were $60,204. Variable costs constituted 74% of the production costs. The share of feed costs in variable costs was 78%. Gross production value was calculated as $67,211. The share of milk sales in gross production value was 61%. Average gross profit per farm is estimated as $22,612, net profit as $7,007 and proportional profit as 12%. It has been revealed that the net profit and proportional profit of small farms were negative. As a result, it can be said that the profitability level of medium and large-scale farms is high, whereas small scale farms meet with loses in the research region.

Tourism industry is one of the primary sectors that contribute to economic growth of countries worldwide. Since it requires appropriate weather conditions and clean environment, climate changes can significantly affect the sector. Therefore, this study examines the causality and long-run relationship between the climate change and tourism sector in Turkey. To estimate the potential long-run relationship between variables, Granger-Causality test is applied to data from 1960 to 2016. The study uses World Development Indicator Data released by World Bank. For the analysis, carbon-dioxide emission, methane emission, energy use (oil equivalent), and forest land are standing for climate change indicators. International tourist arrivals and tourism revenues represent for tourism sector’s variables. The findings show that there is a negative and significant coefficient of climate change on tourism sector. Also, in average, climatic change indicators have unidirectional and negative impact on international tourism revenue. Another finding is that climate change deteriorates to environment by augmenting carbon dioxide emission and methane emission. As a result, climatic change can weaken the tourism industry which can decrease the speed of Turkey’s economic development. In the long run, this research can pioneer assessing the economic and environmental impacts of climate change in the tourism sector bases.

Ultraviolet-B (UV-B: 280 to 320 nm) radiations have appeared to be detrimental to plants, due to their damaging effects on proteins, lipids, membranes and DNA. UV-B radiations are a significant regulator of plants’ secondary metabolites. High intensity of ultraviolet radiations may interfere with growth and productivity of crops. But low levels of UV-B radiations give rise to changes in the plants’ secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, carotenoids and glucoseinolates. Therefore, low intensity of UV-B radiations may be used to generate plants, enriched with secondary metabolites, having improved reproductive ability, early ripening and tolerance against fungi, bacteria and herbivores.

This study was conducted to compare the internal and external quality characteristics of the eggs of Atak-S laying hybrids kept in enriched cage and free-range rearing systems. In the study; 400 Atak-S hybrids, 31 weeks of age were fed for 6 weeks of experimental period. Throughout the experiment, with weekly intervals, 15 eggs of each group were collected from the laying hens kept in both systems for determination of the quality of the exterior (egg shape index and egg shell thickness) and interior (albumen and yolk width, height, yolk height and yolk colour). At the end of the experiment, there were statistically significant differences between groups for Haugh unit (wk. 2), albumen index (wk. 6), egg shell rate (wk. 1, 2, 3), egg shell thickness (wk. 6), yolk colour for L (wk. 3) and for a (wk. 1, 3). However, there were no significant differences between groups for other weeks and mean values, egg weight, shape index and yolk index.

This research aims to determine the relationship between yield and yield components of French bean using multivariate statistical techniques. The study was conducted at Horticulture Research Station, Dailekh, Nepal for consecutive three year of 2016-2018. In this study, six French bean genotypes were used. The following measurements and observations were made: germination (%), pod length (cm), pod diameter (mm), individual pod weight and number of seeds pod-1 , number of dry pods plant-1, dry pod yield plant-1 and dry pod yield (t/ha), 100 seed weight (g) and seed yield (t/ha). Highly significant and positive correlation was recorded between seed yield and individual pod weight (r= 0.659***), number of seed pod-1 (r=0.548**) and pod length (0.459*). Conversely, pod diameter showed a negative and non-significant (-0.025) correlation on seed yield. Based on simple regression analysis, linear regression of individual pod weight, number of seed pod-1 and pod length leads to an increase in the seed yield (t/ha) by 0.188, 0.285 and 0.103 units respectively. From the path coefficient analysis maximum positive direct effect on seed yield was recorded by number of seeds pod-1 (0.767) followed by 100 seed weight (0.530) and individual pod weight (0.429). Also, stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed that three traits individual pod weight, 100 seed weight and number of dry pod plant-1 account for 68.22% of the total variation in seed yield, while only 31.78% was explained by rest of the variables. Summarizing outcomes of four statistical methods showed that individual pod weight appeared to be the most effective contributor of seed yield followed by the number of seed pod-1, 100 seed weight, and pod length. Therefore, focus should be laid on these characters in future breeding program while selecting genotypes for sub-tropics for improving the seed yield.