Objective of this study is to determine plant protection problems which wheat growers encountered and their knowledge on plant protection in Sivas province. This study is carried out in the Central, Hafik, Ulas and Yıldızeli districts of Sivas province with 220 farmers. The problems which related to plant diseases, pests and weeds in wheat growers faced were also determined. Almost all farmers (99.09%) apply chemical control. Farmers decides the pesticide applications in their wheat growing areas according to own experience (84.09%), manufacturers recommendations (24.09%), the advice of agricultural experts (17.27%) and the advice of neighbours and friends (9.55%). Farmers mostly have been applying pesticides based on their own experiences. In recent years, pesticides are being used widely against diseases, pests and weeds. Some times over dose application of pesticides by farmers in judiciously resulted in environmental pollution, health problems. Also the natural enemies will be affected. Furthermore, in weed control farmers use herbicides against broad leaved weeds. It was determined that the farmers do not have knowledge about narrow leaved weeds and herbicides use against these weed species is limited. According to the results of this survey, it will be beneficial to provide training on plant protection to wheat producers in the region.

Nitrogen losses in agricultural areas cause environmental pollution. At the same time, it reduces the yield in crop production. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of zeolite and nitrogen applications on the development of maize plant. Another aim is to reveal nitrate changes in soil. Everest maize variety was used in the study. Zeolite doses of 0, 125, 250 and 500 kg/da were applied to the soil. Nitrogen doses were applied to the soil at 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg/da. In this study, zeolite and nitrogen applications increased the plant height, cob weight and green forage yield of maize plant statistically. The highest green weed yield was 6563 kg/da in Z3N3 application and the lowest green forage yield was 4021 kg/da in Z0N0 application. Increased nitrogen doses increased the amount of nitrate in soil by significantly 1% and zeolite applications increased by significantly 5%. The results of this study would be beneficial in the application of zeolite to the soil in order to reduce nitrogen losses and to make the plant benefit more from nitrogen.

Kaz yetiştiriciliğinde verimli ve karlı bir üretimin yapılabilmesi ancak sağlıklı sürülerin olması ile mümkündür. Her ne kadar kanatlı hayvanlar içerisinde hastalıklardan en az etkilenen tür kazlar olmasına rağmen, kazlarda ciddi kayıplara neden olan birçok bakteriyel, viral, paraziter ve mantar hastalıkları bulunmaktadır. Diğer kanatlılarda olduğu gibi kaz yetiştiriciliğinde de hastalığın tedavisi, korunmadan daha pahalıdır. Bu nedenle hastalıkların çıkmasını ve yayılmasını en aza indirmek, hastalıkların tedavisinde tasarruf sağlamak, sürü sağlığını iyileştirip-geliştirmek, hayvan ölümlerini en aza indirmek ve işletme karlılığını artırmak için biyogüvenlik prosedürlerinin uygulanması gerekmektedir. Bu biyogüvenlik prosedürleri ise rutin ve yüksek riskli olmak üzere iki şekilde yapılabilir. Rutin biyogüvenlik prosedürleri hastalık etkenlerinin işletmeye girişinin engel olunması, etkili hijyen ve sanitasyon programının uygulanması, yeterli bağışıklığın oluşturulması için etkili aşı programlarının olması, kalifiye personel ile çalışılması, sürü yönetim programının düzgün olması ile denetim ve kontrolün iyi bir şekilde yapılması ile mümkündür. Yüksek riskli biyogüvenlik prosedürleri ise şüpheli ve salgın bir hayvan hastalığı durumunda planlı ve programlı bir şekilde yapılması gereken uygulamalardır. Sonuç olarak kaz yetiştiriciliğinde biyogüvenlik prosedürleri etkili ve disiplinli bir şekilde yerine getirilirse, sağlıklı sürüler ve daha fazla kârlılık elde edileceği unutulmamalıdır.

Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Verticillium, Armillaria ve Rosellinia gibi toprak kökenli bitki patojeni funguslar, birçok bahçe ve tarla ürününde bitki ölümlerine ve verim kayıplarına sebep olan kök çürüklüğü hastalıklarına neden olmaktadır. Kök çürüklüğü hastalıklarının kontrolünde dayanıklı çeşit kullanımı, ürün rotasyonu, solarizasyon, fungisit uygulamaları ve toprak fumigasyonu gibi çeşitli mücadele yöntemleri uygulanmaktadır. Metil bromide ve kloropikrin gibi fumigantlarla yapılan toprak fumigasyonu toprak kökenli fungusların kontrolü için kullanılan en etkili yöntemlerden biridir. Ancak bu kimyasalların çevre ve insan sağlığına olumsuz etkilerinden dolayı dünyada ve ülkemizde kullanımı yasaklanmıştır. Bu nedenle, yeterli hastalık kontrolü sağlayan ve ticari fungisitlerle rekabet edebilen alternatif yöntemlerin araştırılmasına ihtiyaç vardır. Biofumigasyon kimyasal mücadeleye alternatif yöntemler arasında değerlendirilmekte nematodlar, yabancı otlar ve bazı fungusların neden olduğu hastalıkların mücadelesinde oldukça etkili olup, entegre mücadelenin bir parçası olarak kabul edilmektedir. Toprak kökenli fungusların kontrolünde örtücü bitkiler, organik gübre ve biyokatı atıklar biyofumigant olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada toprak kökenli fungusların kontrolünde biyofumigasyon uygulamaları ve biyofumigantların funguslar üzerindeki etki şekilleri değerlendirilmiştir.

Maize and dry bean are the most important food crops that feed over 85% of Kenyan households. However, the productivity of these crops is low due to the high costs of land preparation and weed control, soil infertility and limited soil moisture under the current conventional tillage system of production. A study was carried in Embu County and Kirinyaga County to determine the economic returns of a maize-bean rotation system under different tillage systems and fertilizer regimes. Maize was produced during the long rains under no-till with crop residue retention (NT+CR) and conventional tillage with no crop residue retention (CT-CR) and inorganic fertilizer regimes (NK, NP, PK, NPK, and NPK+CaMgZnBS). Dry bean was planted in the short rains in the same plots where maize under different nutrient management regimes and tillage systems had been grown and harvested. The trial was laid out in a split-plot design with the tillage method as the main plot and fertilizer as sub-plot. Economic performance was assessed using partial budget analysis based on labor data and prices of all inputs used during the production period. Grain yields were reduced by 10% to reflect farmers’ yield levels. Maize and dry bean grains were sold at the prevailing farm gate prices. Results showed that maize-bean rotation was KE 22,718 cheaper under no-till with crop residue retention (NT+CR) than under conventional tillage with no crop residue retention (CT-CR). On average, NT+CR recorded KE 29,569 higher net benefit than CT-CR. The NT+CR tillage recorded a benefit to cost ratio of 3.7 compared to 2.7 recorded under CT-CR tillage system. The NT+CR with NK combined was the most profitable treatment with a benefit to cost ratio of 4.92 for maize and 4.33 for maize-bean rotation system. Based on this research, combination of no-till with crop residue retention has the potential to improve economic status and alleviate poverty among resource-constrained farmers.

Microalgae can be regarded as an alternative and promising ingredient for food fortification or enrichment. Due to their nutritional composition, especially protein-high composition, they considered as a sustainable protein source for food. The aim of this work was to evaluate the Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) dry biomass which is knowns as the greater protein and amino acid source in blue-green microalga, as innovative ingredient for newly formulated and produced biscuits and chocolates, for baby and children diets. All samples with Spirulina biomass showed significantly higher protein and amino acid content.

In this study, the effects of carvacrol addition which is a natural preservative to apple juice samples contaminated with Z. bailii which is an osmotolerant yeast and shows resistance against high sugar concentration, low acidity, ethanol content and pasteurization process, were investigated on some physicochemical and bioactive properties and also changes in yeast numbers during storage period. For this purpose, the response surface methodology was applied and storage time (1-41 days), storage temperature (4-20°C), sodium benzoate amount (0-0.1%) and carvacrol amount (0-750 ppm) were selected as processing variables. Significant changes in physicochemical properties were observed due to yeast viability occurred during the storage of apple juice samples. The increase in the amount of carvacrol caused a decrease in the number of yeasts about 7 log level and prevented the spoilage of fruit juices. However, the brix value of the samples without carvacrol showed a decrease of 50% as a result of yeast activity and the fruit juice could not be consumed. Total phenolic content of the sample was in the range of 136.7-645.7 mg GAE/L and the lowest total phenolic content was determined for the run 11 having no carvacrol while the highest total phenolic content was for the sample added with the highest carvacrol level. As a result of the optimization process, it was observed that the deterioration activities of Z. bailii could be prevented to a great extent by the addition of maximum amount of carvacrol.

Interest in goat farming is at its peak since the last decade of 20th century because the role of goat is well established in animal protein as well as in economic uplift of poor masses in the tropics and subtropics, but also constitutes an important component of traditional farming systems. Goat is a better option as farm animal in the tropics and subtropics as it can withstand dehydration and has better browsing habit which enables it to survive where cattle and sheep farming is difficult. Reproductive performance of does is of immense importance as contributing factor towards increased meat production and in finding out more prolific animals. This is the main factor affecting productivity of goats. Therefore, an improved reproduction rate will be an approach to increase in numbers. Reproductive seasonality represents a natural adaptation that provides important advantages for birth and offspring survival and development, as lambing/kidding coincides with good weather and maximum availability of forage. It is believed that photoperiod is the environmental factor other than food availability that determines the sexual activity in sheep and goat. This review paper focuses on the general aspects of seasonal factors influencing the goat’s reproductive efficiency.

In this study, antioxidant activities of two macroalgae, Eucheuma sp. J.Agardh and Laminaria sp., J.V.Lamouroux used as food supplements were investigated. The antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, the total content of phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins in extracts were determined. The IC50 values of the extracts of Eucheuma sp. and Laminaria sp. on DPPH scavenging activity was 2.26±0.03 mg/g and 2.63±0.03 mg/g of extract, respectively. The maximum total phenolic (5.31±0.04 mg GAE/g Ext.) were determined. According to our results, all extracts exhibited low radical scavenging activity when compared to the standards used, i.e. -tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) with the inhibition percentage in the range of 48.45±0.06% (Eucheuma sp.) – 58.49±0.03% (Laminaria sp.). The highest flavonoid content was measured as 18.78±0.10 mg rutin/g of extract in Laminaria sp. The condensed tannins were not detected in Eucheuma sp. However, this value was measured as 6.24±0.60 mg CE/g of extract for Laminaria sp. According to our results, Eucheuma sp. and Laminaria sp., which are commercially sold in medicinal herb stores, are good sources of antioxidant components because of their phenolic and flavonoid contents.

Propofol is used in general anesthesia and sedation. İt is an lipofilic agent and metabolize to inactive form in liver then excreted in the urine. In body it is turnover changes by human serum albumin amount. >97% of propofol is bound to serum albumin. So that hypoalbunemia changes propofol effects. Free form of propopol can pass all membrans such as the blood-brain barrier and the cellular membrane of the cardiac endothelium. Propofol may cause significant myocardial depression, decrease blood pressure and cause life threatining arytmias. Changes in the ratio of free and bound forms of propofol and albumin depending on the dose and duration of administration, the effects of this ratio on cardiac profile are discussed in this study. According to the findings, it was determined that the albumin affinity of propofol decreased in all dose groups in time. Since free HSA and free propofol ratio will increase, this situation is thought to affect the cardiac profile negatively.