Güvenilir gıdaya sürdürülebilir koşullarda ulaşılabilmesi için değişen dünya ve çevre koşullarında tarımsal üretim yapılması, teknolojik ve mekanizasyon kullanımını daha önemli hale getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada Şırnak ilinin tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyi araştırılarak Türkiye ortalaması ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu istatistiki verilerine dayanarak traktör sayısı, tarım alet ve makineleri sayısı ile tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyi göstergeleri hesaplanarak özetlenmiştir. 2012-2022 yılları arasında Şırnak ili ortalama mekanizasyon verilerine göre, kullanılan tarım alanlarında %12, traktör güç değerlerinde %16 oranında artış gerçekleşmiştir. Birim alana düşen güç 0,66 kW ha-1, 1000 ha alana düşen traktör sayısı 18,72 olmuştur. Bir traktöre düşen toplam alan 53,43 ha olurken, traktör başına düşen alet makine sayısı 3,78 olarak bulunmuştur. Şırnak ilçeleri arasında mekanizasyon düzeyi yönünden en iyi sonuçları Cizre ilçesi verirken, Uludere ve Beytüşşebap ilçeleri düşük mekanizasyon değerlerine sahip verileri ile sonuçlanmıştır. Ayrıca Şırnak ili mekanizasyon verileri, bölge illeri ile benzer mekanizasyon sonuçları vermiştir. Ortalama traktör güç değeri 47,03 kW olarak, Türkiye ortalamasından daha yüksek sonuçlar oluştururken, diğer mekanizasyon parametreleri bakımından düşük mekanizasyon sonuçlarına sahiptir. İki ülkeye sınırı bulunan ilin tarımsal potansiyelini arttırmak için mekanizasyon düzeyinin en kısa sürede yükseltilerek işletme refah seviyesi arttırılmalı ve bölge kalkınması desteklenmelidir.

The “Basic Design” is one of the common introductory courses in design disciplines. It has great importance in interior architecture education as it forms the basis of design practice. Education that proceeds through abstract concepts creates difficulties for students to internalize this course. To avoid these difficulties, learning by doing is of great importance. The learning-by-doing approach was carried out in the form of a workshop within the scope of the “Basic Design 1” course of the Department of Interior Architecture at Konya Technical University in the fall semester of the 2022-2023 academic year. Students were asked to produce three-dimensional designs using basic design principles and elements. The class was divided into groups of eight people and studies were carried out with a workshop coordinator in each group. The duration of the workshop was planned as four weeks. During the workshop, students learned to use materials and colors, to design an original composition. At the end of the workshop, students learned to embody the abstract concepts they learned during the year by creating a composition that considers functionality and aesthetics. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the workshop, a survey study was carried out after the course period ended. As a result, it has been seen that the intelligibility of Basic Design 1, which is a course taught through abstract concepts, has increased thanks to the workshop.

This study investigates the reactions of four summer pumpkin cultivars (cvs. Çağlayan, Mert Bey, Sena Hanım, TG38) to root and crown rot caused by Fusarium proliferatum by taking into account criteria such as disease severity, plant growth (number of leaves, height, dry and fresh weight of shoot) and the accumulation of phenolic compounds in the roots. Seeds of each cultivar were inoculated with the pathogen and left to develop for 1 month at 25oC in a controlled climate room. The content of phenolic compounds in ethanolic root extracts was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cv. Sena Hanım had the lowest disease severity (4.40%) among the cultivars, followed by cvs. Çağlayan (10.62%) and Mert Bey (11.07%). Plants developed from inoculated seeds of cvs. Çağlayan and Sena Hanım had no decrease in the number of leaves and in length, fresh and dry weight of shoots in comparison to the control (plants from non-inoculated seeds), while cv. Mert Bey demonstrated a decrease at very low rates in shoot fresh and dry weight (2.24% and 0.77%, respectively). The phenolic compound that exhibited the highest increase in root extracts of cv. Sena Hanım compared to the control among the cultivars was p-coumaric acid (6.57-fold). This study demonstrates that p-coumaric acid can play an important role in the resistance of pumpkin to seed infestation by F. proliferatum.

The farming technique of radical terracing is one of the new agricultural technologies introduced in Rwanda to enhance farming activities in the highland areas. The study was designed to analyze the applicability of the adoption and diffusion model of farm innovation on adopting radical terraces in Rwanda. It adopted a descriptive correlational research design to the farmers owned radical terraces in Nyamagabe District. The purposive sampling technique was applied to select 19 Key Informants and 192 farmers. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, direct observation and documentary sources. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for quantitative data analysis whereas thematic and narratives content analyses were used on qualitative. The research outcomes show that the level of farmers' adoption was medium. Besides, the farmers’ access to agricultural information; and farmers’ participation were found to have a positive influence on the applicability of the adoption-diffusion model on the adoption of radical terraces. The study showed that the adoption of radical terraces in Nyamagabe depended on the compatibility with the existing values and practices among farmers based on the information-contagion model and the social participation model that is widely used in the agricultural context. The study recommended the government continue sensitizing farmers on the importance of adopting radical terraces for better use and maintenance as a modern farming practice. Further research should focus on the applicability of technology characteristics user's context model on the adoption of radical terraces in Rwanda.

Salinity, which is one of the abiotic stress factors, severely restricts plant production as a result of the negative effects of plants in different growth and development periods. Therefore, it is extremely important to determine the tolerance limits of plants to salinity in order to eliminate the limiting effect in terms of plant growth. Flax is an industrial plant that is used for multiple purposes and has commercial importance in the world. This research was carried out in controlled laboratory conditions in 2021 to determine the effects of salinity on the germination of flax seeds. In the study, germination rate, root length, root fresh weight, shoot length and shoot fresh weight were evaluated. The result showed that significant differences between different NaCl solutions for all evaluated characters. Although the highest value was obtained in the control group in Mures variety, the highest value was obtained in 25 nM NaCl concentration in all other characters except for the germination rate in Dakota variety. The highest germination rate of 93.3% was obtained from the control application (0 mM NaCl) in both varieties. On the other hand, there was no germination in both varieties in 200 mM application.

Pestil is one of the important foods traditionally produced in Türkiye, with high energy, vitamin and mineral content. It is obtained by naturally drying the pulp obtained from different kinds of fruits after mixing it with ingredients such as sugar and flour. In regions where the fruiting period depends on the season, fruit pulp is produced in order to benefit from it in winter. In addition, bioactive components originating from the fruit increase the nutritional value. In this study, the physicochemical and antioxidative properties of the pestil obtained from three different Hawthorn fruits (Crataegus meyeri, Crataegus turkestenica and Crataegus orientalis) known to have positive effects on health were investigated. The results revealed that, depending on the fruit type, pestil samples have high antioxidative properties (IC50: 50.11±0.16-52.1±2.14 mg/mL) due to the high phenol content (39.8±0.16-52.95±1.21 mg GA/g DW). In this context, in the present study, it has been seen that the pestil prepared with the traditional method from three different Hawthorn fruits should be industrially produced as a product for people to access healthy and various foods today.

This study was conducted to evaluate essential oils from Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile, Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Allium sativum L., Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) W.Watson, Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Thymus schimperi Ronniger using four concentrations (l mL, 2 mL, 3 mL, 4 mL) and three sprays against potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) late blight disease. Two improved potato varieties were planted using randomized complete block design with factorial combinations in three replications. Analysis of disease incidence means at 53 and 60 days after planting showed highly significant differences between varieties and among sources of essential oils. Furthermore, the combined effect of essential oils and potato varieties on disease severity showed significant differences. Disease severity was maintained from 25% to 48% (Jalene); 13% to 30% (Gudene) with essential oils while it was maintained between 92% and 95% (Jalene); 37% to 38% (Gudene) for control plants. The lowest disease percentage of disease severity was obtained on plants treated with A. sativum for Jalene variety while on plants sprayed with C. macrostachyus, E. globulus and T. schimperi for Gudene variety. The lowest disease progress rate 0.198/day and 0.162/day as well as values of area under disease progress curve 228% days and 93% days were obtained for varieties Jalene and Gudene, respectively. Maximum reduction in mean disease severity was exhibited by garlic for varieties Jalene (28.3%) and Gudene (16.3%), as compared to the control (93.3% for Jalene and 37.5% for Gudene). Therefore, results indicated the potentials of essential oils to minimize effects of potato late blight disease. Communities involved in potato production could use the current results as base line information to find alternative management options for late blight disease which has no effect on human health and environment. However, further investigation is required on essential oils affordability and availability to farmers across different locations.