Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is an edible wild plant that is widely grown in the world, including Türkiye. Purslane plant, which is an important component of Mediterranean cuisine, can grow spontaneously in nature. Stress conditions can directly or indirectly affect its growth and development in the environment in which it is grown. In the current study, stress conditions of soil organic matter content, irrigation water amount and irrigation water salinity were investigated in pot experiments. The experiments were carried out in a 72 m2 greenhouse established on the Dokuz Eylül University Tınaztepe Campus. From the variables, soil organic matter was applied as 1%, 1.8% (control), 3% and 5% on a dry weight basis. 15 purslane seeds were planted in each pot and left to germinate. Irrigation water amounts were chosen as 100%, 75%, 50%, 30%, 15% of the field capacity. The last variable in the application was determined as the salinity of the irrigation water; the conductivity of the applied irrigation waters were control (tap water-about 0.5 mS/cm), 4 mS/cm, 8 mS/cm, 16 mS/cm. All pots were prepared in four repetitions and the study was carried out with a total of 320 pots. Experiments were carried out for 90 days from the first planting. In the study, it was observed that the increase in organic matter increased plant germination. Statistical evaluation was also made and the effects of irrigation water amount and salinity were also evaluated according to principal component analysis. As the field capacity decreased, decreases were observed in plant growth, but this was mostly observed at 30% and 15% field capacity. The negative effects of salinity on plant growth were observed at 8 mS/cm and 16 mS/cm values.

In this study, it is planned to make a spatial analysis of the accessibility function of a city using GIS. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the spatial accessibility of primary schools, which are among the educational institutions in the Merkez district of Niğde province. The Spatial Plans Building Regulation was used as a criterion for accessibility. The current number of students and teachers in the schools and the number of classrooms were obtained from the Niğde Provincial Directorate of National Education, and the obtained data were analyzed by transferring them to ArcGIS software. In the study, the Zoning Plan from the Niğde Municipality, the road and housing data obtained from OpenStreetMap, the location information of the schools and the number of students obtained from the Niğde Provincial Directorate of National Education, and the population data obtained from TÜİK were used. According to the results of the study, there are problems in accessibility the primary schools in some neighborhoods in the Merkez district, and this problem is increasing especially in rural areas. It should not be forgotten that accessibility is important for everyone, school and settlement plans should be made with reference to the values specified in the spatial plans regulation.

Researchers have turned to alternative studies in order to benefit more from renewable energy sources due to fossil resources will be insufficient in the near future, environmental pollution as a result of fuel combustion and increasing energy demand. Biogas production, which is used in many areas such as heating, transportation, electricity, natural gas and chemical production, is one of the most attractive alternatives among these studies. Animal manure is also an important material used as a substrate in the production of biogas. For this purpose, the province of Van, which is one of the leading provinces of our country in terms of animal production and where cattle, sheep and poultry are grown intensively, was chosen as the research area. In the research, TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute) 2021 data were used. It was made evaluations on the animal numbers data of the province of Van for 2021 and the amount of total manure and the biogas potential were determined. As a result of the research; the total amount of usable manure that can be obtained from animal waste in Van province is 1.45 million tons × year-1 and its conversion potential into biogas energy is calculated as 57.448.729 m3 × year-1. It has been determined that it is equivalent to 2.700.009.026 kWh of electricity or 47.107.958 m3 of natural gas energy of the total biogas potential. This too; when evaluated with today's prices, it saves approximately 221 to 337 million TL × year-1, depending on the area of use.

Salmonellosis is a critical challenge in commercial poultry farming. This study aimed to calculate seroprevalence, identify Salmonella spp., and its pathological investigation from January to December 2019. One hundred fifty (150) serum samples and fifty (50) cloacal swabs from apparently ill and healthy birds were collected in this study. Seroprevalence was observed by serum plate agglutination (SPA) tests. The tentative diagnosis of salmonellosis was made based on history, clinical signs and bacteriological studies. Salmonella spp. was further confirmed using an automated microbiological method (VITEK®2). Post mortem examination was done in apparently sick birds, and gross and microscopic pathological lesions were investigated and recorded in a datasheet. The overall seroprevalence of salmonellosis was 42.67% in commercial chickens. Age wise prevalence of avian salmonellosis showed significantly highest infection rate in adult layers (≥ 45 days old) 65.31%, then 40.74%up to 45 days. In case of broiler, the prevalence rate in 0-10 days, 11-20 days, and 21-35 days were 13.63%, 44.12%, and 16.67%, respectively. Seasonal influence showed significantly highest proportionate prevalence of salmonellosis during summer 66.15%in comparison to winter 25.00% and rainy 24.44% seasons respectively. In bacteriological study, 12 samples were positive for Salmonellae among 50 cloacal samples. Out of 12 positive samples 5 samples were selected for the automated microbiology system VITEK® 2, and only two samples were confirmed as Salmonella gallinarum. Gross pathology of representative organs revealed bronze-colored enlarged liver, hemorrhages in the spleen and lungs, and hemorrhages in the ovary with stalk development. Microscopically, multifocal nodule formation and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the liver parenchyma and marked congestion with inflammatory cells in the spleen, hemorrhage and congestion in the lungs and intestine.

In recent years, with the awareness of people, the interest in natural and functional foods has increased. Sourdough is a dough piece in which industrial culture yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), endogenous yeasts, lactic and acetic bacteria from the air and the ingredients used (flour, water, etc.) are active. In sourdough fermentation, yeast and lactic acid bacteria work together to form the natural flora. It has been proven by studies that breads prepared from sourdough have many advantages such as greater volume increase, stronger aroma, better crumb structure and long shelf life. In addition, sourdough fermentation has very important positive effects on human health. Various additives (malt flours, emulsifiers, microbial enzymes, dairy products, soy flour and potato flour) are used to delay the staling of bread. In the production of sourdough bread, high quality and long shelf-life breads can be obtained without the need for these additives. Thus, both natural and additive-free and functional breads are produced. In this review, it is aimed to raise awareness by giving information about the advantages of using sourdough in bread production. In the study, the concept of sourdough was discussed and information was given about the content of bread prepared using sourdough and its benefits on health.

Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees that is rich with phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Extract of propolis has a high antioxidant and antimicrobial properties due to the presence of these compounds. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to examine the antibacterial and the antioxidant activities of standardized, commercial water extract of propolis in vivo assays, and to assess its impact on preservation of raw beef meatballs aerobically packaged and stored at 4ºC for 7 days. The results showed that the propolis extract demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis in vivo test. Furthermore, meatballs prepared with the propolis extract had an extended shelf life about a week in comparison to the regular meatballs. Besides, the propolis extract was a very effective natural antioxidant agent for controlling the oxidative changes in meatballs. The propolis treatment provided 64.6% reduction in the malondialdehyde formation at the final day of storage. Color lightness and yellowness values of meatballs were not affected by the propolis treatment, only difference was observed in redness values. The pH of the meatballs prepared with the propolis extract almost stayed constant during storage, while the pH of the control meatball samples increased. In summary, propolis extract exhibited a strong antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in vivo assays and in a meat product. Accordingly, it should be used in meat product formulations to enhance preservation of meat products.

This study assessed the proximate composition, sensory quality and consumer acceptability of beef sausage fortified with edible meat waste. Lean beef and edible meat waste (EMW) samples were obtained from commercial abattoir and combined in ratio 50:50 and 70:30 and designated as T1 and T2 respectively, while CT contained 90% lean meat and 10% fat. The fresh T1, T2 and CT sausages were thermal processed using microwave and oven-grilling cooking methods. The results showed significant difference in moisture, protein, lipid and ash content of raw and cooked sausages across treatments. Raw sausage fortified with EMW had higher protein and lower lipid contents compared to control treatment (90/10, CT). Cooking of the sausage significantly decreased moisture and increase lipid, protein and lipid content, with microwaved sausage having higher values. The results of sensory quality showed that beef sausage fortified with EMW were all acceptable to consumers, irrespective of the cooking methods used. The distribution of consumers who liked the appearance, colour, texture and flavour of the sausage meat containing EMW were higher than those who dislike the products. Therefore, this study shows that EMW could be successfully used in meat industry to improve quality of sausage during production.

Floodplains known as 'Fadama' is encouraged in Nigeria by the world bank in order to boost agriculture and food security. This activity is being managed by the State ministries of agriculture through Agricultural Development Programmes (ADPs) nationwide. This is a case study of Jalingo area of Taraba State, Nigeria where farmers used any available water from rivers, streams and wells without any regulations. The water samples for quality analysis were collected in five (5) different floodplain locations from three (3) different sources. Fifteen (15) water samples were collected from river, borehole and well using plastic bottle container both in August (peak of raining season) and November (end of raining season) respectively. Data from water samples were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test for significant effect of source and location water quality for irrigation purposes. The suitability of the source and location water quality after comparing with the water standard for irrigation have most of their chemical properties within safe limit for irrigation purposes both in August and November respectively. (pH =6.26 to 6.81, Total Dissolved Solid, TDS = 113 to 345 mg/L, Total Suspended Solid, TSS = 1.72 to 1.95 mg/L, Bicarbonates, HCO3 = 5.76 to 10.88 mg/L, Carbonated, CO3 = 0.07 to 0.77 mg/L, Sodium, Na = 0.003 to 0.031 mg/L, Magnesium Mg = 4.84 to 5.93 mg/L, Calcium, Ca = 9.62 to 11.97 mg/L). From the results of the study, it could be observed that the quality of water across the locations irrespective of period of observation and source are good and hereby recommended for irrigation purposes.

The purpose of this study was to explore the possibilities of improving chilling stress tolerance of eggplant seedlings through exogenous melatonin (MEL) application. Eggplant (Hadrian F1) seedlings were treated with various concentrations (0, 1, 5 or 25 μM) of MEL via soil drench after which they were subjected to chilling stress at 5°C/10°C (night/day) for 3 days. Following stress imposition, the efficacy of MEL applications on enhancing chilling stress tolerance was determined by several physical and physiological measurements and biochemical analyses. The results demonstrated that exogenous application of MEL alleviated the adverse effects of chilling stress in eggplant seedlings. Among the MEL concentrations tested, 5 µM was determined as the most effective concentration since antioxidant enzyme (CAT, POX and APOX) and photosynthetic activities increased while visual and membrane damage decreased in 5 µM MEL-treated seedlings. Also, these results are the first experimental evidence that exogenous application of MEL could improve chilling stress tolerance in eggplant, but further detailed studies are necessary to better understand the mechanism in acquiring chilling tolerance.