Wheat is an essential crop throughout the world and especially in Pakistan. It has a great yield potential which can cope with the raising food challenges of the world but there is a more need to increase its yield with its increasing demand. There is a need to increase the yield by improving the genetic characters. Breeder’s intention is to find out the variability in the genetic lines and by the use of these lines they can develop the high yielding breeding lines. Multi-ovary is a novel character to increase the number of grains per spikelet. What type of gene actions control that? From this review we get that some support the single dominant gene controlled trait, some support the two recessive non-complementary genes controlled trait and some favour the both as it is controlled by both dominant and recessive genes in different tri-grain lines. Secondly there is a need to study the genetic variation for the yield contributing traits. So that we can improve our genotypes to attain high yield. How we can evaluate yield and yield components. Combining ability is a considerable tool for this. Literature revealed that additive gene action contributes more towards yield than non-additive. In this many lines also came forward as good combiners which in future we can use them for a successful wheat hybridization program.

This study was conducted in Kumkale Plain of Çanakkale Province. In this research, it is aimed to determine which factors the regional farmers take into consideration in their production and the costs of the products they obtain. The data of the study consisted of primary and original questionnaires provided through face-to-face interviews. The sample volume was determined by stratified sampling method and 99 questionnaires were conducted. The enterprises are ranked according to land size and divided into three layers as 1-50, 51-100, 101 decare and above. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHS) method was used to determine producer preferences as well as simple cost calculations. The criteria of the study were determined as mechanization, irrigation facilities, supply of inputs, marketing opportunities, aquaculture information, product prices, input prices and labor force. According to the results of AHS obtained from the study, wheat ranked first with 0.213 points and sunflower ranked second with 0.196 points. The remaining alternatives are paddy, tomato, corn (seed) and silage maize respectively. According to AHS results, wheat, sunflower, paddy, tomato, corn and silage maize are preferred. Product costs are calculated as follows; 0.52 TL/kg for tomatoes, 1.56 TL/kg for paddy , 1.16 TL/kg for grain corn, 0.14 TL/kg for silage maize, 0.69 TL/kg for wheat and 1.44 TL/kg for sunflower.

Sensory quality characteristics of fish are very important factors on acceptance and market value of the product. Quality assessment of fish should be precise, fast, systematic and comprehensive regarding freshness attributes. The objectives of this study were to describe weather the QIM (Quality Index Method) scheme for salmonides can be used to determine the freshness and describe the sensory changes during storage. Quality assessment of the fresh water rainbow trout (n=36) was performed on day 1, 7, 14 and 21 of ice storage on temperatures from 0.6-0.8°C. Through the QIM scheme the specific freshness attribute deterioration can be very well described and the QIM score produced a clear result, which showed that the deterioration of fish is linear and has a strong correlation with the time of storage. The QIM scheme for farmed salmon can be used to evaluate the freshness of the rainbow trout. It can also be used to ascertain and predict the remaining shelf life of rainbow trout stored in ice. Under similar conditions, the maximal shelf life of ungutted rainbow trout is 14±2 days or 15 demerit points of framed salmon QIM scheme.

In this study, the effect of different concentrations of smoke solution derived from sage (Salvia officinalis L.) on root and shoot growth of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) was investigated in pots, in petri dishes (in vivo) and in vitro conditions. Smoke solution was obtained from hookah method and different concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) were prepared by diluting the stock solution with distilled water and, distilled water was used as control. Solutions were used starting water of petri and perlite media and to prepare MS0 for in vitro condition. Nodal segments of grass pea seedlings as explants were cultured on MS0 medium in vitro. Plant nutrients, antioxidants, organic or inorganic chemicals, and plant growth regulators are commonly used for plant development both in vivo and in vitro. However, their use has risks in terms of economic costs as well as nature, environment and human health. Therefore, use of naturally derived chemicals in these applications has great advantages. Observations for in vivo conditions were determinate after 7 days from sowing and 15 days after in vitro culture. The longest root length (6.089 cm) was determined in 75% smoke solution of sage and, while the longest shoot length (3.026 cm) was obtained from 100% smoke solution of sage on petri media. In perlite media, the highest root and shoot length were observed in pure water (control). İn vitro conditions, although shoot formation was above 85% in all applications, root formation was under 33%. The shortest shoot length was obtained from smoke solutions of 100% (5.02 cm), the longest shoot length was obtained from 25% and 75% concentrations of smoke solution, respectively 8.35 and 8.94 cm.

Climate change increases the odds of worsening drought in many parts of the World. Climate projections for the Mediterranean basin in which Turkey is located expresses alarming conclusions about severe droughts. Droughts are expected to prevail in different severities and periods throughout Turkey. Iğdır plain, which lies in eastern part of Turkey is convenient for cultivation of many agricultural products because of its fertile soils and micro-climatic properties. In this study, drought analysis were carried out for Iğdır by using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) and Streamflow Drought Index (SDI). The data (precipitation and flow) were obtained in monthly intervals from Turkish institutions, namely General Directorate of Meteorology and General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. Study was aimed to examine the integrated effect of low precipitations and high temperatures on hydrological and meteorological drought. Annual SPI results show that four severe and three moderate drought events whereas RDI detected four severe and four moderate drought events for the study period (47 years, 1971-2018). SPI index detected severe category droughts in the water years of 1980, 1989 and 1997. RDI detected severe category droughts in the mentioned years together with one more event in 2000. SDI identified 2002 as extreme drought year, and identified 1982, 1984, 1986 and 2002 as moderate drought years. The output of the study is aimed to serve for better understanding of droughts in the Igdir Plain.

In this study, the effect of supplementing amino acid-precursor of nitric oxide (NO) L-arginine were examined on sperm motility of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Different concentrations [0 mM (Control), 1 mM, 2 mM, 4 mM and 8 mM] of L-arginine were used in the study. To assess the effects on percentage of motile sperm and longevity, L-arginine was added to activation medium containing NaCl (52 mM). The higher L-arginine concentration (4mM) has promoting-effect on sperm motility. The treatments containing L-arginine caused significant effect on percentage of motile sperm and longevity. Overall, the findings of the present study indicated that supplementation of L-arginine may have improving effects on sperm motility of rainbow trout.

The aim of this study was to compare estimation methods: least squares method (LS), ridge regression (RR), Principal component regression (PCR) to estimate the parameters of multiple regression model in situations when the underlying assumptions of least squares estimation are untenable because of multicollinearity. For this aim, the effect of some body measurements on body weights (height at withers and rumps, body length, chest width, chest girth and chest depth, front, middle and hind rump width) obtained from totally 85 Karayaka lambs at weaning period raised at Research Farm of Ondokuz Mayis University was examined. Mean square error, R2 value and significance of parameters were used to evaluate estimator performance. The multicollinearity, between front and middle rump width which were used to estimate live weight, was eliminated by using RR and PCR. Although research findings showed that RR method had the smallest MSE and the highest R2 value, the estimates of PCR were determined to be more consistent when the importance tests of parameters were taken into account. The results showed that principal component regression approach should be used to estimate the live weight of Karayaka lambs at weaning period.

Dried products are widely used from the past because of their long shelf life, rich nutrient content and availability. Solar or shade drying methods have become the most widely used drying technique from past to date, due to no equipment requirement, cost and simplicity. However, this drying method has some disadvantages such as long drying time, contamination risk and requirement of large area and heavy labor. In this review, various drying methods applied in food are summarized. Then, solar energy assisted drying methods were examined in detail. Finally, solar energy-assisted drying methods involving energy storage are examined. Solar energy assisted drying is a very advantageous technique for economical production. The most important advantages of this technique are that the system can be designed in many different ways in order to provide the desired characteristics. In addition, the availability of various energy storage units contributes to the availability of the system.

Seafood are important in human nutrition due to being healthy and valuable proteins resources. Despite serious problems in balanced nutrition found in Turkey, seafood are not consumed sufficiently. In our country, it is necessary to review this situation regarding the consumption of fisheries and to produce solutions by considering the reasons. In this study, the consumption preference of seafood was analyzed in İzmir province, where the fishing and aquaculture production and consumption are made as common. The study was carried out as a questionnaire application to 700 individuals randomly selected in different districts in July 2012. It was determined that 33.8% of the respondents consumes white meat, 19.6% consumes red meat and 8.8% consumes fish. The most consumed fishes by the participants were observed as 40.4% sea bream, 34.2% sea bass, 32.4% horse mackerel, 31.8% anchovy, and 30.4% sardines, respectively. It was determined that 90.4% of the participants consume the fish freshly. As consumption style, frying (51.6%) and grilling (33%) was determined as major preferences. In the study, it was determined that the participants consume an average of 15 kg of fish per year.

The aim of this study was to determine the macroscopic and microscopic spermatological parameters of the Karayaka rams grown in public hands. Out off-season sperm couldn’t be taken from the rams. During the season, semen was collected from all 2-4 age of Karayaka rams (n = 10). Weight (kg) and circumference of the scrotum (cm) were also recorded. When the collected spermatozoa were examined, it was found that the weight variable correlated only with the pH variable. The correlation coefficient calculated between weight and pH was -0,802 and it was found to be statistically significant. The correlation coefficient, which calculated as 0.680, between the circumference of the scrotum (cm) and mortality (% Dead-Live) shows that one feature increases while the other increases significantly. Viscosity (1-5) was correlated only with mass activity (Mass Activity 0-4), and the degree of this relationship was calculated as -0.655. Variables were not associated with sperm volume (ml), motility (%) and density (109).