Tannins are phenolic metabolites, which naturally produced by plants. They can defend plants against pathogen microorganisms and viruses. According to animal nutrition, tannins have both adverse and beneficial effects depending on animal species, physiological state of the animal, structure and concentration of the tannins. The objective of this study was to review the literature about tannins, their effects and usage of tannins in animal nutrition.

This study was conducted to investigate the hatching parameters differences between the hatching eggs which were controlled or not for fertility at 18th day of embryo development in the hatchery unit. Hatching was conducted with hatching eggs of Atak-S commercial layers parent stocks. Four treatment groups were constituted; 1) 95% fertility, fertility control at 18th day, 2) 95% fertility, no fertility control at 18th day, 3) 75% fertility, no fertility control at 18th day and 4) 50% fertility, no fertility control at 18th day. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of fertility rate, hatching efficiency hatchability of fertile eggs and early-, middle and late period embryo mortality. Chick quality according to Pasgar score chick quality assessment differed significantly between the treatment groups. The results of the present study indicate that transferring of eggs to the hatcher without fertility control at 18th day of embryo development did not affect the hatching results, but chick quality decreased when the fertility rate decreased below 45%.

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) have specialized and complex relationships with their host plants. A better understanding of interaction between nematode and their host will help to provide new point of view for root-knot nematode management. For this purpose, recently investigations on cellular and molecular basis of root-knot nematode parasitism and host response were reviewed.

Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L. which are found naturally in most part of Blacksea Region, and Artvin are generally called bear grape, Trabzon tea, and likapa. In addition, different varieties of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) have been cultivated in Artvin region for 5 or 6 years. Blueberries contain appreciable levels of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins and flavonols that have high biological activity. V. arctostaphylos and V. myrtillus show that natural distrubition with received V. corymbosum of different cultured species in Artvin region will be determined antioxidant activity in this study. In this study showed that wild species had a higher antioxidant effect than cultivated species. V. myrtillus had high total polyphenols (11.539-20.742 mg GAE/g dry sample), flavonoids (1.182-2.676 mg QE/g dry sample) and anthocyanins (3.305-11.473 mg Cyn/g dry sample) than V. corymbosum species. In addition, wild species had high CUPRAC, FRAP and DPPH values. The antioxidant activities found with CUPRAC, expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity ranged from 0.143 to 0.297 mmol TEAC/g dry sample. Those determined with DPPH expressed as IC50 ranged from 0.229 to 1.178 mg/ml. Those determined with FRAP expressed as FeSO4.7H2O equivalent were in 130.719–346.115 µmol Fe/g dry sample range.

Selection indices based on their genetic merit of fruit characters were constructed for fruit yield/tree in 48 genotypes in mango (Mangifera indica L.). Genotypes, SBM 01-35, SBM 01-26, SBM 01-9, SBM 01- 10 and SBM 01-26 in on year while, SBM 01-12, SBM 01-36, SBM 01-26, SBM 01-28 and SBM 01- 9 in off year recorded highest fruit yield /tree. Genotypes SBM 01-10, SBM 01-36, SBM 01-09, SBM 01-30 and SBM 01-6 exhibited comparatively high estimates of selection indices during on year while, SBM 01-36 followed by SBM 01-12, Totapari, SBM 01-17 and SBM 01-29 showed the maximum estimates of selection index for fruit yield/ tree during off year. Alphonso followed by SBM 01-5, SBM 01-13, Langra and SBM 01-14 during on year and Dashehari, Safeda, SBM 01-3 and SBM 01-39 in off year exhibited the minimum estimates of varietal indices. Genotypes differed considerably in their ranking pattern based on selection indices. Genotypes SBM 01-9, SBM 01-10, SBM 01-30, SBM 01-6 and SBM 01-36 showed maximum varietal indices and phenotypic performance in both the years thus, appeared promising for use as parent in mango improvement programme.

In this study, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of various dried fruits were investigated. Total phenolic content of dried fruits (apple, quince, peach, orange, grapefruit, kiwi, banana, watermelon, cantaloupe, strawberries and tomatoes) were between 219-5386 mg GAE/kg in dry matter (dm). TEAC and ORAC values of the samples were between 7.01-126 µmol TE/g dm and 11.69-211 µmol TE/g dm, respectively. Dried fruits can be considered as an important source of antioxidant components in diet with the higher antioxidant properties.

The present study was conducted to investigate the recent changes in dairy operations of Central Anatolia and to evaluate the milking facilities and machinery capacities of the facilities.The basic objective is to put forward the recent changes through the state supports provided to dairy facilities of the Central Anatolian Provinces. While investigating and evaluating the recent changes, milking parlors, milking machinery and livestock inventories of the facilities were taken into consideration. The relevant data were gathered from the recent records of Turkish Institute of Statistics (TUIK), Agriculture and Rural Development Support Institution (TKDK) and the Ministry of Economy.As a result, in this study while in determining the recent changes in dairy facilities of the Central Anatolian Provinces, the number of milking machinery, milking parlors and livestock inventories were taken into consideration as well as milk yields per animal and number of animals per machine. According to TUIK records for last six years; 384 milking parlors were built, 8877 milking machinery were bought, the increment in the number of livestock inventories and milk yields per animal were taken place as 62.9% and 9.5% respectively. It is thought that supports provided to dairy operations had a great effect on the recent developments. Such supports should also be provided in the future to furnish entire dairy operations with modern machinery and equipment, thus to improve yields and product qualities.

Nowadays, meeting adequately nutrient requirements of animal is a major problem due to cost of feed. This situation results in the feed manufacturers to search alternative feed source in order to provide more economical feeding in animal nutrition. In Turkey known as a paradise of olive, a number of substances were discharged to the environment during olive processing. After pressing of olive, the olive remains such as olive cake and black water cause off-odour, groundwater pollution, visual pollution and formation of a fly in environment. Among these by-products, olive cake has been extensively used as fuel. However, olive cake and black water can be used as alternative animal feed due to their high nutrient contents. In this review, the importance and use of the olive cake and black water in animal nutrition will be discussed.

In this study, it was aimed to determine reproduction biology of Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843) obtained from Ağın and Örencik region of Keban Dam Lake. For this purpose, fish samples were monthly collected during a year and their sexes were determined. The maturation age for female Capoeta trutta caught from Ağın region was determined as 2 while it was 3 for females from Örencik regions. Maturation age was found to be 2 for male C. trutta for all regions. The Gonadosomatic Index Value (GSI) reached to the highest in May for both sexes and reproduction period for the fish was estimated between May and June.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of heat treatment and salt concentrations (0, 5, and 10%) on the free amino acids (FAA) composition of Sudanese braided cheese (BC) ripened for up to 3 months at 5±2°C. Heat and salt concentration significantly affected the FAA of braided cheese. The free amino acids concentrations of BC ripened in 0%, 5%, and 10% salted whey (SW) were significantly fluctuated. Under ripening conditions tested (salt level + time), braided cheese made from pasteurized milk (BCPM) had consistently lower values of FAA than braided cheese made from raw milk (BCRM). In fresh cheese, the major FAA in BCRM were Glu (36.12 nmol/ml), Leu (26.77nmol/ml) and Lys (14.51 nmol/ml) while the major ones in BCPM were Lys (2.94 nmol/ml) and Ala (2.45 nmol/ml). BCPM stored in 10% SW had shorter quality life compared to that stored in 5% salted whey.