Bu araştırmada Romanov kuzularının vücut özelliklerinin gelişiminin tanımlanması amacı ile 50 Romanov kuzusunun doğumdan itibaren 180. yaş gününe kadar olan büyüme döneminde her 15 günde bir canlı ağırlık, vücut uzunluğu, cidago yüksekliği özelliklerine ilişkin kayıtlar alınmış ve elde edilen veriler ile doğrusal modellerden Linear, Kuadratik ve Kübik model, doğrusal olmayan modellerden Gompertz ve Lojistik modelleri kullanılarak büyüme eğrilerine ait parametreler hesaplanmıştır. Büyüme eğrileri içinde en iyi uyumu gösteren modelin belirlenmesinde belirtme katsayısı (R2), hata kareler ortalaması (HKO) ve ortalama mutlak sapma (OMS) değerlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre en yüksek R2 değeri ile en düşük HKO değerleri sırası ile canlı ağırlıkta 0,992-0,591, cidago yüksekliğinde 0,993-0,441, vücut uzunluğunda 0,986-1,164 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ele alınan bütün vücut özelliklerinde en yüksek R2 değeri kübik modelden elde edilmiştir. Büyüme eğrisi modellerine ait parametrelerin belirlenebilmesi için SPSS istatistik programı kullanılmıştır. Bu sonuçlara göre Romanov kuzularının vücut özelliklerinin gelişimini en iyi açıklayan ayrıca büyüme eğrilerine en uyumlu modelin Kübik model olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

In this study, the potential of haploid regeneration was investigated in hybridization of six bread wheat F1 hybrids known response to another culture with orchard-grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and sweet maize varieties (Baron, Challenger and Merit). A total of 150 wheat spikes were pollinated with orchard grass and sweet maize and 2730 pseudo-seeds were produced. Although the high rate of developed pseudo-seeds was developed from bread wheat F1 hybrids × orchard-grass, no embryos were produced. Developed pseudo-seeds (2057 number) of bread wheat × sweet maize produced 53 haploid embryos and only 8 of them were regenerated. Developed green plantlets were vernalized and applied colchicine and only four of them produced fertile seeds. The highest rate (5.9) of haploid embryo formation within wheat genotypes was determined in DH20 × Kate A-1. Although the highest haploid embryo formation was observed in Challenger with 3.5% among sweet maize genotypes, it had no effect on plant regeneration. Also, the mixture of pollen of sweet maize varieties increased haploid plant regeneration. It has been observed that some F1 hybrids such as DH20 × Kate A-1 and DH6 × Altay 2000 with low anther response gave better results in terms of haploid embryo formation and regeneration. The means of fertile spike percentages and number of seeds per fertile spike were 26.75% and 9.83, respectively in developed green plants. As a result, bread wheat × sweet maize hybridization will be a good alternative to obtain a homozygous line in a short time in bread wheat genotypes with low anther response.

Pollinators play vital roles to the environment, biodiversity conservation, food security and several dimensions of global sustainable development. Honey bee is an important pollinator globally but has been exposed to increasing threats from diseases, pesticides and biotic stresses. This review paper highlights the role of honey bees as pollinators, addresses threats which influence decline of honey bees and assess pesticidal risk toxicity on non-target organisms. Decline of honey bee population is caused by several factors including habitat fragmentation, pesticidal toxicity, colony collapse disorder and climate change. Pesticidal residue and toxicity has an adverse effect which results in honey bee population decline, disturb foraging and contamination of bee products. Residues of agricultural pesticides like pyrethroid and neonicotinoid pose a serious threat on honey bee health further reducing agricultural production and diversity. Pesticidal risk assessments are carried out to study effects of pesticides on pollinators with an aim to provide measures to safeguard their abundance, diversity and health. Sustainable agriculture, effective policy and proper management can decrease pollinators' risk by helping to diversify the agriculture for pollen and nectars with reduced usage of pesticides and proper management.

Peste des petits ruminant (PPR), considered as goat plague is the most fatal infectious viral disease for small ruminants. This disease is endemic in many parts of the world including Bangladesh causes extensive loss on livestock and economy. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of PPR and this is the first meta-analysis on PPR as per authors knowledge in Bangladesh. Articles published during the years 2000 to 2019 on the topic PPR within three electronic databases were used for prevalence estimation by random effect meta-analysis model. A total of 39 articles were finally included in the model for prevalence estimation of goat and sheep. 1589784 goat and 142036 sheep were included in the study for analysis. Analysis showed prevalence of PPR was 15.17% (95% CI: 15.11-15.22) and 9.17% (95% CI: 9.02-9.32), respectively for goat and sheep. As PPR is affecting small ruminants in variable percentage in different districts of Bangladesh, this study estimates the cumulative prevalence of Bangladesh. This study may act as a baseline for taking effective control strategy of PPR in Bangladesh through proper allocation of resources on a priority basis.

In this study, the relationships between some husbandry practices and calf losses in dairy farms were investigated. A total of 39 farms enrolled to Alacam Cattle Breeders Association (CBA) of Samsun, Turkey, were evaluated by structural factors (education level of farm owner: EL, personnel number: PN, experience of farm owner: EF and number of cows: NC) and husbandry practices (individual calf housing: ICH, calving pen: CP and weaning period: WP). The questionnaires for interview, observations on farm level and records of CBA belonging to 2018 and 2019 were examined. While no significant difference was found among the all groups, dead calf per farm (0.64±0.25) and mean of calf loss rate (CLR) per farm (3.42±1.07%) were assumed within the acceptable thresholds. Presenting more attention on calf rearing methods was suggested to be diminishing approach to decrease the calf mortality in the farms.

The most important way to reduce feed inputs is to increase the amount of good quality roughage. According to official data of Turkey Statistical Institute (TSI) in 2018, Turkey has 18.6 million bovine animal unit (BAU) livestock existence, and 85 million tons of quality roughage is needed to feed the animal existence. However, total quality roughage production of in the Turkey is 59 million, 10 million from meadow and grassland lands, 18 million from forage crops, 31 million from plant residues. Accordingly, the roughage gap in the country is 26 million tons, this accounts for 30% of the need. The quality roughage deficit is quite above this. The Eastern Anatolia region and Muş province have a great potential in Turkey’s animal husbandry both in terms of the presence of animals and the productivity of the grassland areas. The amount of forage crops produced in the region, where livestock is based on pasture and grassland in general, is also above the average of forage crops produced in Turkey. In order to closure roughage gap in Turkey, it is necessary to obtain higher yields from these areas by improvement and using them in accordance with the technique of those areas. In addition, it is necessary to increase the cultivation areas of forage crops within the field agriculture. By the closure of the shortage of roughage, higher animal production will be achieved, input costs may decrease, and the income level of animal producers will increase and the price of animal products may decrease. The research in Turkey, Eastern Anatolia Region and Mus Province of grassland and forage crops status, deficit and status of roughage, issues were analyzed.

This study was carried out to determine the levels of retinol, α-tocopherol, cholecalciferol and reproductive hormones (follicle stimulating hormone - FSH, luteinizing hormone - LH, progesterone, estradiol) in the female rats administrated Allium schoenoprasum L. ethanol extract (ASLEE) and acrylamide. The study was performed on thirty-two Wistar albino female rats (200-220 grams). The rats were divided into 4 groups with an equal number. Serum LH values were higher in the ASLEE group compared to the other groups. Control group: No treatment was performed. Acrylamide group: Acrylamide was administrated by gastric gavage at a dose of 25 mg / kg daily. ASLEE group: ASLEE was administrated by gastric gavage at a dose of 200 mg / kg daily. Acrylamide + ASLEE group: Acrylamide was administrated by gastric gavage at a dose of 25 mg / kg daily. Then ASLEE was administered by gastric gavage at a dose of 200 mg / kg per day. Serum FSH and LH values were significantly lower in the acrylamide group compared to the other groups. Serum LH values in the acrylamide + ASLEE group were significantly restored compared to the acrylamide group. Serum estradiol values were partially lower in the acrylamide group compared to other groups, but there was no significant difference between the groups. Serum progesterone values in the acrylamide group were significantly lower than the control group. Serum progesterone values were higher in the acrylamide + ASLEE group compared to the acrylamide group. As a result, the levels of retinol, α-tocopherol, cholecalciferol and reproductive hormones in ASLEE were determined in this study. In addition, when ASLEE was applied with acrylamide, the rate of change in the relevant parameters was determined.

Gıda atığı ve israfı problemi sadece ekonomik değil aynı zamanda ekolojik ve sosyolojik önemi açısından da incelenmesi gereken büyük bir sorundur. Doğal kaynakların azalması ve sebep olduğu kirlilik de göz önüne alındığında; gıda atıklarının etkin bir şekilde yönetiminin ve yeniden değerlendirilmesinin gerekliliğinin önemi dikkatlerden kaçmamalıdır. Araştırmalardaki veriler doğrultusunda açlığın giderek arttığı bilgisini desteklemektedir. Açlıkla savaşabilmek için acil önlemler alınmalı, atık gıdanın ya da israf edilen gıdanın geri kazanımı yolları araştırılmalıdır. Problem küresel boyutta sorumluluk gerektirmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı konu ile ilgili dikkat çekici verileri ve yapılan araştırmaları paylaşmak, gıda atık çeşitleri hakkında bilgiler sunmak, probleme çözüm getirilebilmesi için ilgili tüm paydaşların bir araya gelmesi hususunda farkındalık yaratabilmektir. Ayrıca kurulan modelin algoritması ile geliştirilen uygulanmanın bulguları paylaşılarak sonraki çalışmalara ışık tutulması hedeflenmiştir.

Propolis is attracting great interest due to functional effects such as antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer. Therefore, studies about the use of propolis in food products and increasing propolis consumption in human nutrition have increased in recent years. Propolis contains phenolic compounds, essential oils, aromatic acids and waxes which are responsible for biological effects. Many factors such as plant resources, geographical regions and environmental conditions affect the chemical composition of propolis. Propolis enrichment in food products to improve the nutritional value, quality and functionality of food have been investigated in many studies. Furthermore, it was reported that propolis can meet the demand of consumers about the use of natural food additive in food manufacturing. The aim of the present study was to introduce the physicochemical composition and biological activity of propolis and review the studies about its applications in food products.

Knowledge of root architecture is significant since it influences on pathways from, photosynthesis products, water and nutrient movement. This study purposed to elucidate root mass, root length, root/shoot ratio, root/total mass ratio and above-ground characteristics in Vicia pannonica Crantz., Carthamus tinctorius L. and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L. with taproot and Triticum aestivum L., Hordeum vulgare L. conv. distichon, X Triticosecale Wittmack, Avena sativa L. and Secale cereale L. with fibrous roots at 200 cm long tubes under field-grown condition. Crop harvesting is based on early and late growth stages of cereal crops. The results indicated that winter field crops had a wide range of differences with regard to root and above-ground traits at both growth stages. The root traits of field crop species varied considerably from 0.3 to 5.9 g and 2.4 to 11.9 g for root mass and 84.7 to 127.7 cm and 84.5 to 166 cm for root length at early and late growth stages respectively, while shoot mass was between 0.3–5.7 g and 5.5–29.8 g. Furthermore, the percentage distribution of root mass accumulated in 0-20 cm root length at early and late growth stages, ranged between 52.3 to 81.4 % and 27.7 to 75.2 %, respectively. The findings showed that crops with taproot had less root and shoot mass and shorter root length than cereals with fibrous roots at both growth stages. This study also significantly advances our understanding of root-shoot competition by comparing the agronomical traits of winter field crops with tap and fibrous roots at different growth stages.