Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the world's most popular beverage plant, as well as an important plantation crop with high commercial value. It has been maintained for centuries through conventional vegetative propagation. Tea clonal propagation in vitro has the advantage of producing a large number of elite plants. If an efficient in vitro regeneration technology is available, this technique could be exploited for selection of tea plants for desired trait. The selected plants could be later on multiplied through in vitro or ex vitro techniques. The study aimed to induced somatic embryogenesis from immature embryo explants to genetic variaton. Different concentrations of phenylboronic acid with benzyladenine and phenylboronic acid with kinetin were tested in MS medium with 30 g/L sucrose and 8 g/L agar. MS medium without any plant growth regulators was used as control group. Considering the embryo survival rate, 1.5 mg/ L-1 phenylboronic acid + 1 mg/ L-1 kinetin produced highest result as 87.3% while lowest was in control group as 36.7%. The highest plant regeneration rate was found in 1,5 mg/ L-1 phenylboronic acid + 1 mg/ L-1 kinetin and 1.5 mg/ L-1 phenylboronic acid + 1 mg/ L-1 benzyladenine medium respectively as 58.3% and 55.6%. Kinetin treatment with increasing phenylboronic acid concentrations gave the best results in terms of somatic embryo survival rate. Also, kinetin treatment produced better results when compared to benzyladenine concentrations.

Cultivation and consumption of berry fruits in the world and in our country is increasing due to reasons such as different ways of evaluation, high income per unit area and health benefits. Aronia, which belongs to the Rosaceae family, is a berry type that can be easily grown in temperate climates and has a high yield per unit area. Aronia is included in healthy nutrition programs due to the antioxidants, phenols, minerals and vitamins it contains. Besides fresh consumption, aronia fruits are also used by drying, processing into products such as fruit juice, vinegar, jam, tea, marmalade.

The aim of this study; To combat the problems arising from rapid population growth and irregular urbanization in ecological terms, to ensure the integration of agriculture with the city and to develop strategies in order to ensure human health, environmental health, food safety, urban aesthetics, social integration and urban sustainability. As the study area, the adjacent area of Kırklareli has been considered. A 4-stage method was determined in the study. In the first stage, a literature review was conducted on the subject. In the second stage; The collection and examination of natural and socio-cultural data for Kırklareli province was carried out. In the third stage; As a result of the analyzes made, field observations were made and it was determined in which neighborhoods the most suitable urban agriculture model could be applied to the city of Kırklareli. In the last stage, in line with the available data and potentials for the city of Kırklareli, important strategies for the implementation of urban agriculture studies were developed and various suggestions were made.

In this study, it was aimed to reveal the structural properties and the effects of husbandry practices on milk yield in dairy farms of Ondokuz Mayıs district of Samsun. While the data were obtained by face-to-face surveys and observations in a total of 59 farms those had ≥10 head cattle between January and June 2018, environmental factors affecting daily milk yield (DMY) were separately evaluated. Important negativeneses were determined on the barn type, bedding material using, calving pens, weaning period of calves, claw care and udder cleaning in the farms. It was informed that local bazaars and cooperatives were commonly used for raw milk marketing, and high feed price was the most important problem. DMY was significantly affected by the experience of farm owner, number of the milking cows, amount of concentrate feed that given and milking type. It was concluded that farm properties and herd management methods have to be restored to elevate milk production in the investigated farms.

Structures of agricultural holdings have been changing rapidly in rural areas. While smallholders have been decreasing in number, the number of large farms has been increasing. Youth has been rapidly moving away from agriculture. The agricultural sector has faced an aging problem. The involvement of youth and smallholders in agricultural production is extremely important for food supply security. This study aimed to observe the structural change of agricultural holdings based on the Farmer Registration System (FRS) data. The answers to the following questions were sought. Has the numerical and proportional distribution of enterprises changed according to their size? Has youth been moving away from agriculture? FRS records between 2003-2020 were used in the study. Agricultural holdings were grouped according to their size and the age of farmers. Results were summarized in tables and graphics. There was a decrease in the number and rate of farmers under the age of 40, and a proportional increase in the number of farmers over 65. While the number of agricultural holdings larger than 500 increased 2.5 times, the number and rate of small farms decreased. Migration from the districts and villages in the study area has been observed at rates ranging from 22% to 59% in 20 years. Special measures should be taken for youth and small farms to survive in the agricultural sector. Tools such as tax exemption and social security support can be used. Integrated rural development approaches, including basic services such as education and health, are indispensable for the population to be permanent in rural areas.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of biased estimation methods, principal component regression (PC) and ridge regression (RR) methods, according to unbiased the least squares (LS) method, against the multiple linearity problem (multicollinearity) encountered in regression methods. For this purpose to fit a model on account to predict body weight from some body measurements of 32 South Anatolian Red Kilis (SAR) cattle of different ages. R2, RMSE, MSE, and CV were used as the goodness of fit criteria for the performance of the models. According to these criteria respectively, 0.9970, 0.0224, 0.0005, 0.0099 for LS; 0.9970, 0.0224, 0.0005, 0.0099 for PC; and 0.9876, 0.0455, 0.0021, 0.0201 of k=0.02 for RR gave the best fit values. According to these results, LR and PC showed the best fit. But RR and PC techniques from biased prediction techniques provided more consistent, valid, stable, and theoretical expectations than LS technique, since LR did not provide the necessary assumptions.

The types and densities of honeyed plants vary depending on the altitude. This causes the amount and Physicochemical structure of honey produced in apiaries of different altitudes to change. In this study, honey harvest from the honeybee colonies placed at different altitudes in the same geographical region was carried out in the first week of September. Standard laboratory methods were used to determine some physicochemical properties of the honey samples. Some of the minimum and maximum average values obtained as a result of the analysis of honey samples; moisture 14.70% and 18.60%, free acidity 20.50 meq/kg and 25.30 meq/kg, pH 3.20 and 4.30, EC 0.22 and 0.44 mS/cm, fructose 32% to 45%, glucose 0.10% to 0.18%, sucrose from 0.66% 1.80%, maltose ranged from 0.66% to 1.80%. Also, HMF ranged from 1.80 mg/kg to 3.50 mg/kg, proline 530.00 mg/kg and 710.00 mg/kg, Density from 1.44 g/cm3 to 1.49 g/cm3, Invertase 20.30 U/kg-28.50 U/kg, Diastase activity 13.23-19.07 and Total phenolic content ranged from 76.00-94.00 g.It has been determined that the physicochemical structures of honey produced at different heights are statistically different from each other. This study aims to determine the effect of altitude difference on the quantity and physicochemical structure of honey.

The study attempted to examine the question whether rural farmers save their income. Rural farmers in Toro Local Government of Bauchi State, Nigeria were used as a case study. The factors that influence saving and investment were also determined. Out of the three districts in the LGA, two villages were purposively selected from each district and twenty farmers were randomly selected to bring the number of villages to six and total number of farmers to one hundred and twenty. This constituted the sample size; they were administered the questionnaires from where data for the study was generated. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The result indicated that contrary to traditional theory of saving where the poor are deemed incapable of saving, the rural farmers do indeed save from their little income. They need to be encouraged in this regard. The regression result showed that age, educational level, farm income, membership of cooperative societies, farming experience and access to credit were significant factors that influence saving. The result also revealed that inadequate income and too many children to carter for were major constraints to saving. To promote saving culture in the area, the capacity of the farmers to save should be enhanced by enabling them adopt birth control, providing them opportunities to work all year round and provision of simple preservation technologies.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the factors that are effective in the adaption of high system viticulture by Erbaa narince vineyard leaf producers.Comparative analysis of the two groups using primary data collected from a total of 112 farmers, of which 44 were engaged in high-system viticulture and 68 were engaged in viticulture according to goble training system in 8 villages where it was appropriate to interview 25% of the total 33 villages in Erbaa. it is made. Demographic characteristics of producers such as number of households, education level, age and gender were examined. Chi-Square and logistic regression analysis were used to determine whether social, economic and adoption factors differ in terms of groups. The factors that were effective in the adoption of high system viticulture were determined as the age of the producer, agricultural income, total vineyard area and viticulture experience. High system viticulture, which has been tried to be expanded in Erbaa since 1998, has not been found to be at the desired level. It is important to develop attractive credit facilities for directing in viticulture according to goble training system producers to high system viticulture, facilitate application processes in material and certified seedling support, and announcing supports to producers, increase the training-extension activities related to high system viticulture.

In this study, the potential of sunflower protein hydrolysates to inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) enzyme was determined. Sunflower protein isolate was hydrolyzed with Alcalase and Trypsin+Chymotrypsin enzymes and the obtained protein hydrolysates were fractionated by ultrafiltration (5 kDa). The degrees of hydrolysis achieved by Alcalase and Trypsin+Chymotrypsin enzymes were 27% and 13%, respectively. The most potent ACE inhibitory activity (IC50=0.06 ± 0.01 mg/mL) was observed for the fraction that has molecular weight below 5 kDa, which was hydrolyzed by Trypsin+Chymotrypsin enzyme (P