In the current research, it was aimed to determine the effect of the use of under sieve beans, which are not suitable for human consumption, in the diets of growing quails on performance, carcass, and serum parameters. For this purpose, a total of 240-day-old quail chicks were randomly distributed to 6 treatment groups with 40 quail chicks in each, with 4 replicates. In the study, quails were fed with 6 different treatment diets containing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100 g/kg of under sieve beans. The results of the study demonstrated that the feed intake, mortality, carcass yield, thigh+drumstick, breast, liver, heart weights and serum triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, and urea levels of quails were not affected by the use of under sieve beans in the diet. The body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were considerably affected by the treatments and the best results in terms of these parameters were obtained in the group using under sieve beans at the level of 40 g/kg. Compared to the control group, pancreas weight increased in the 80 and 100 g/kg under sieve bean groups, while abdominal fat weight decreased in the 100 g/kg under sieve bean group. Serum glucose level increased significantly with the use of under sieve beans in the diet. The serum amylase level, on the other hand, was minimum with the use of 100 g/kg of under sieve beans in the diet. According to the results obtained, it can be said that raw under sieve beans could be used at the level of 40 g/kg without any adverse effects in growing quail diets.

Kanser tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçların etkileri yalnızca kanser hücrelerine özgü olmayıp sağlıklı hücreleri de olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada antikanser bir ilaç olan paklitaksel’in (PAX) böbrek dokusundaki olası zararlı etkilerine karşı antioksidan etkileriyle öne çıkan silimarin’in (SLY) olası koruyucu etkilerinin ortaya konulması amaçlandı. Toplam 28 adet Sprague-Dawley cinsi dişi sıçandan rastgele bir seçimle: Kontrol, PAX, SLY ve PAX + SLY olmak üzere dört grup (n=7) oluşturuldu. PAX grubuna 2 mg/kg intraperitoneal yolla PAX, SLY grubuna oral gavaj sonda ile 100 mg/kg SLY, PAX + SLY grubuna ise önceki gruplarla aynı doz ve yolla PAX ve SLY uygulandı. Deneysel işlemlerin sonunda hayvanlardan alınan kan ve böbrek dokularında yapılan biyokimyasal analizlerde PAX’ın, böbrek dokusunda oksidatif stresi, serumda ise kreatinin (Cr) ve kan üre azotu (blood urea nitrogen, BUN) seviyelerini artırdığı tespit edildi. Böbrek dokusunda yapılan histopatolojik incelemelerde PAX’ın renal korpüskül atrofisi, fırçamsı kenarda hasar, vakuolar dejenerasyon ve deskuamasyon gibi patolojik değişikliklere yol açtığı gözlendi. Antienflamatuar, antiapoptotik ve antioksidan etkilere sahip bir farmakolojik ajan olan SLY uygulanması ise, PAX kullanımı sonucu meydana bu gelen patolojik değişiklikleri büyük oranda engelledi. Mevcut çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlar PAX ile yapılacak tedavilerde böbrek dokusunda şekillenecek zararlı etkilere karşı koruyucu olarak SLY’nin kullanılabileceğini gösterdi.

This study analysed the economics of plantain production in Northeast Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to; describe plantain farmers’ socio-economic characteristics in Northeast Nigeria; identify factors affecting plantain production in the study area, and also ascertain farmers’ resource use efficiency in plantain production. The study adopted a multi-stage sampling technique to collect primary data from 250 plantain farmers selected from 13 communities. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics and a stochastic frontier model were used. The finding of the study indicated that most (86.8%) of the respondents were male, having an average age of the respondents was 39.15 years, who are mostly educated (92.8%) and cultivate an average of 2.39 ha of land. The stochastic frontier production function maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters indicated that the production of plantain is determined by farm size, the number of suckers planted, the amount of hired labour used, and family labour. Similarly, the plantain production cost is being influenced by the cost of plantain suckers, labour, and the depreciated cost of land. Furthermore, the study revealed that the farmers were technically and allocatively efficient, although, the maximum technical efficiency was not achieved by farmers. Therefore, it was recommended that agricultural extension agents should be encouraged to reach plantain farmers with the required production technologies to promote production efficiency.

The experiment was conducted under in-vivo condition in a betelvine baroj at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. Nineteen isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii collected from different regions of Bangladesh designated as isolate-1 to isolate-19. Soil inoculated with S. rolfsii exhibited mycelial growth on the soil surface and around the base of the betelvine plant within 2-4 days after inoculation. Only 2 days after inoculation were required to manifest cottony colony on soil surface near root zone of inoculated betelvine plants by the isolate-3, 5, 7, 9 and 12. The first disease symptoms were observed within 6 to 16 days after inoculation where minimum days were required by the isolate-9 and maximum by the isolate-2 and 14. The highest lesion length (6.50 cm) was produced by the isolate-9 and isolate-13. All the isolates were found to be pathogenic in some cases, disease delayed due to their degree of pathogenicity. The isolate-9 showed highest disease incidence of 100% which was superior as compared to all other isolates at 15 days after inoculation. The isolate-19 showed least disease incidence of 66.66% even at 30 days after inoculation. Among the isolates, the most pathogenic one was isolate-9 collected from Kaligonj upazilla of Jhenaidah.

In this study, beta-lactam group antibiotic residues were investigated in raw cow's milk. For this purpose, a total of 86 raw milk samples were used as material. Samples were collected periodically from farms in various outlets and surrounding villages in the province of Sivas. Beta-lactam group antibiotic levels in raw cow's milk were determined by ELISA method with commercial test kit. According to the analysis results, beta-lactam levels were between 0.35-0.70 ng/mL in 64 (74.4%) and between 0.71-3.7 ng/mL in 22 samples (25.6%) determined of 86 raw cow milk samples. The residue levels detected in the samples are in accordance with the legal limits declared by the European Union (EU) commission and Turkish Food Codex Communique.

Ageratum conyzoides is a widely spread weed, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions. It has been reported to be used as folk medicine in different countries for treating burns, wounds, skin disorders, headaches, fever, pneumonia, gynecological diseases, leprosy, snakebites, rheumatism, inflammations, stomach ailments like parasites, colic, diarrhea, dysentery, used as a painkiller during childbirth, and many more. It has been reported to contain active secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, phenols, saponins, coumarins, essential oils, and flavonoids, which support its medicinal uses in disease treatment and prevention. It can be a potential source of drugs for various diseases. In fact, pharmaceutical companies are being run in Brazil using A. conyzoides as raw material with recommendations from the Brazilian Drug Centre. It is also used for agricultural purposes as manure, insecticide, pesticide, herbicide, nematicide, fodder, etc. In China, it is widely intercropped in the citrus orchard to control pests and weeds. The review attempts to bring together medicinal and agricultural usage of Ageratum conyzoides with scientific evidence to demonstrate its efficacy. This weed has a negative influence in agriculture and the ecosystem but after studying about its potential medical and agricultural uses, we now have a different viewpoint on this weed, and we believe that further harnessing it for such positive uses might be a management strategy for this weed.

In this research, it is aimed to investigate the economic performance of cotton farms and to reveal the profitability and competitiveness of cotton production in Founia district of Kita province. The research data were obtained from the questionnaires conducted with 55 farms determined according to the stratified random sampling method. Policy Analysis Matrix was used to determine profitability and competitiveness in cotton production. The results of the research showed that the farms in Founia county have an average of 10.44 da farm land. Gross production value per farm is $3519.89, agricultural income is $2197.42. According to the result obtained from PAM, private profit of cotton production in Founia district was 58.97 $/ton social profit was 1017.38 $/ton. Within the scope of the research, Specific Cost Ratio (PCR) coefficients of 0.77 and Cost Ratio of Domestic Resources (DRC) of 0.19 obtained from PAM were found. However, according to the Nominal Protection Coefficient on Output (NPCO) (0.30), Nominal Protection Coefficient on Tradable Inputs (NPCI) (0.87) and Effective Protection Coefficient (EPC) (0.20) coefficients, it is seen that the cotton price is lower than the comparable world prices and the producer earns less profit from free trade. Therefore, in the short term, incentive premiums, direct financial support, protection of cotton prices, good communication with farms and extension policies should be implemented. The increase in yield with the introduction of irrigation systems will increase competitiveness.The government and the Compagnie Malienne pour le Développement des Textiles (CMDT) should assist in the leasing and long-term purchase of modern farm machinery, which is one of the fixed capitals, in order to increase productivity.

Organic agricultural products are food products that are inspected and certified at all stages of production until they are offered for consumption by institutions that are authorized by the state. Beekeeping products made for human food are also subject to the same certification process. With this research, it was aimed to reveal the organic beekeeping and organic honey understanding of the people of Iğdır region. With the survey, the information of the local consumers about organic honey, how they got this information, their status and reasons for organic honey consumption, as well as the certification processes were collected. The obtained data were analyzed with numerical, proportional, and decision tree methods. The genders of the survey participants were 66% male, 34% female. It was also determined that 70.5% of the participants were under the age of 40, had a bachelor's degree or higher education level in the proportion of 43%, and 63% had a minimum wage or lower-income level. For the questions asked about the research topic, it was reported that participants know and eat organic honey in the proportion of 93%, buy organic honey in the proportion of 77.5%, having information about the organic honey certificate in the proportion of 67% and certification stages in the proportion of 43%. Despite these high rates, the same participants gave contradictory answers to some other questions, such as; for the question of “What is organic honey?” the answer of "Certified honey" in the proportion of only 11.5% and for the question of “How did you know that the organic honey you bought was organic honey?” the answer of " I saw its certificate” in the proportion of only 18.1%. This contradiction was noted. With this research, it was determined that the local people did not have enough information about organic beekeeping and honey understanding. In order to fill this gap, it can be suggested that healthy nutrition lessons be included in the education curricula starting from primary school, and usage of TV, radio, and internet broadcasting for this purpose. The fact that the participants' education level is high and their age is young may provide an advantage in order to get results from the training to be given on the subject.

Row planting is one of the technologies introduced in Ethiopia to improve production and productivity of the major crops. However, the rate of adopting the technology decline from time to time. Thus, this study aims to identify factors affecting adoption level and intensity use of Teff row planting technology in the selected districts of North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. Multi-stage random sampling techniques were used to select 400 respondents. Adoption index, independent sample mean t-test, chi-square test and double hurdle model were used for data analysis. The results of adoption index reveals that among 400 sample households, 79.8% was non-adopter while 20.2% were adopter of Teff row planting technology. A total of 10 variables were hypothesized to affect the adoption level and intensity use of Teff row planting technology in the study area. Among these, 6 variables had significant effect on adoption level of Teff row planting technology while 4 variables had significant effect on the intensity use of Teff row planting technology. Accordingly, the experience of household in Teff production, education level of household head, family size, extension contact, credit utilization and demonstration site visit had positive and significant effect on the adoption level of Teff row planting technology adoption at 1, 1, 5, 1, 1 and 1% significance level respectively. Moreover, family size, education level of household head, frequency of extension contacts and demonstration site visit had positive and significant effect on the intensity use of Teff row planting technology at 10, 1, 1 and 1% significant level respectively. Hence, in order to increase the households’ adoption level and intensity use of Teff row planting technology in the study area, strengthening the extension services, improving the education level of the households, strengthening the credit services and expanding the demonstration site should be the focus area of the policy makers.

Climate unpredictability and weather extremes are being projected as capable of presenting additional challenges for farmers currently engaged in the low-technology based food production systems in sub-Saharan countries like Nigeria. This study assessed rice farming households’ vulnerability to climate change in Kwara State, Nigeria. Primary data, collected from 150 respondents using simple random sampling procedure were analysed employing descriptive statistic was use to describe the coping strategies adopted and Human Development Index (HDI) was created to assess vulnerability of rice farmers to climate change. Statistical analyses indicated a vulnerability assessment index of 0.3001, pointing to a fact that the zone is prone to the adverse effects of climatic variability. For this reason, the study empirically underscores the need for farmers to adopt and adapt the planting of drought tolerant and/or early maturing varieties of rice. Importantly, the capacities of the local communities needs to be strengthened vis-à-vis the relationship between climate change and crop production. Capacity building at the farm level is crucial for improving crop, soil and water management, enhancing the demand for and use of better and more efficient production inputs. Tied to farm-level capacity building is the need to refocus public agricultural-based institutions towards exposing the rice farmers to effective mitigation strategies in the wake of climate change, provision of agricultural inputs, expansion of irrigation, efficient and effective extension service delivery, market development and other forms of necessary support.