Subacute rumen acidosis is a metabolic disease that usually occurs in the form of recurrent seizures of low rumen pH during periods giving of high energy-containing rations and usually lasts for several minutes or several hours. The most important clinical signs are decreased feed consumption, live weight loss, decrease in rumen movements, abomasum displacement, laminitis, diarrhea, decrease in milk yield and milk fat yield, softening of feces, presence of undigested grains in feces. In this article, the reasons of subacute rumen acidosis which causes significant economic losses in dairy cow farms, methods that can be applied to detect and prevent it have been emphasized.

Soil moisture has a vital role in the cultivation of crops. Its sufficiency and availability to crop- water supplies depends on the management practices of soil and amount of available water to the soil. This study examines the influence of rice husk biochar on the water holding capacity of soil in the savannah ecological zone of Ghana. Increasing rate of rice husk biochar increased water-holding capacity of soils. 4t/ha rice husk biochar showed higher significant differences among the treatments. It is recommended that 4t/ha rice husk biochar should be applied to increase the water-holding capacity of the soil.

Gezginci arıcılık; koloni verimliliğinin artırılmasında önemli bir uygulama olmakla birlikte son zamanlarda kolonilerin nakliyesinde için işçi bulmak önemli bir sorun haline gelmeye başlamıştır. Arı taşımacılığının genellikle iller arasında ve gece saatlerinde yapılması zorunluluğu, ayrıca arı sokması problemleri nedeniyle çalıştıracak eleman bulunamaması sorununu da beraberinde getirmiştir. Gezginci arıcılıkta taşımacılığın iller arasında yapılması yanında, kolonileri hem yüklerken hem de indirirken ayrı işçilik giderleri gerektirmesi de işletme giderlerini artıran bir diğer faktördür. Bunun sonucu olarak da arıların taşınmasında işçi bulmak hem güç olmakta hem de işçilik maliyetlerinin yüksek olması nedeniyle gezginci arıcılık ekonomik olmaktan uzaklaşmaktadır. Sürekli artan yakıt fiyatlarıyla birlikte nakliye giderlerinin de artması gezginci arıcılığı olumsuz etkileyen bir diğer olumsuzluktur. Arı yükleme ve indirmede yaşanan bu problemlerden dolayı bir arıcı konakladığı yerden memnun olmasa da kolonilerinin yerini hızlıca değiştirememekte ve sezonu verimsiz bir şekilde geçirmek zorunda kalmaktadır.

Water kefir is a fermented probiotic beverage produced by fermentation of dried sugary fruits and sugar using water kefir grains. Sucrose is used as a sugar source in the traditional production of water kefir. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of grape molasses, honey and unrefined sugar on water kefir grains instead of sucrose. In the study, 4 groups were formed: grape molasses (10 g), honey (10 g), unrefined sugar (10 g) and refined sugar (10 g). 2 g of water kefir grain and 500 mL of drinking water were used for each group. And each group samples were fermented for 25°C 48 hours. The study continued for 5 weeks. The pH values and the titratable acidity values of water kefir samples and the weight of water kefir grains were determinated once every two day, while microbiological analyzes (Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp. and yeast contents) and ethanol content of samples were determinate once every 15 days. In this study; it has been observed that the use of different sugars has no significant effect on the weights of the water kefir grains. In addition, it was determined that the Lactococcus spp. and yeast amounts in the water kefirs were higher in the samples produced by using honey and grape molasses. As a result, it was revealed that grape molasses, honey and unrefined sugar could be used as fermentation substrate in production of water kefir. At the same time, water kefir can be shown as an alternative fermented product for vegan consumers with allergies to dairy products.

In this study, the microbial profiles of external top surfaces of beverage cans sold in Izmir markets, and the survival of E. coli on the top surfaces of cans were investigated through the storage period of 0, 10, 20 and 30 days at 4 and 25°C. Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), coliforms and E.coli counts of 100 cans without protective cover and 20 cans with protective cover were examined. The numbers of TAMB on the cans without protective cover were in the range of 0.43-2.20×103 cfu/cm2. Lower bacteria counts in the range of

This study was conducted in Kumkale Plain of Çanakkale Province. In this research, it is aimed to determine which factors the regional farmers take into consideration in their production and the costs of the products they obtain. The data of the study consisted of primary and original questionnaires provided through face-to-face interviews. The sample volume was determined by stratified sampling method and 99 questionnaires were conducted. The enterprises are ranked according to land size and divided into three layers as 1-50, 51-100, 101 decare and above. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHS) method was used to determine producer preferences as well as simple cost calculations. The criteria of the study were determined as mechanization, irrigation facilities, supply of inputs, marketing opportunities, aquaculture information, product prices, input prices and labor force. According to the results of AHS obtained from the study, wheat ranked first with 0.213 points and sunflower ranked second with 0.196 points. The remaining alternatives are paddy, tomato, corn (seed) and silage maize respectively. According to AHS results, wheat, sunflower, paddy, tomato, corn and silage maize are preferred. Product costs are calculated as follows; 0.52 TL/kg for tomatoes, 1.56 TL/kg for paddy , 1.16 TL/kg for grain corn, 0.14 TL/kg for silage maize, 0.69 TL/kg for wheat and 1.44 TL/kg for sunflower.

There are a good many researches carried out to be able to find out the species of phytoplanktonic organisms which are widely met in the inland waters of Turkey and make up the first link of food chain in nature. In addition to this, there are lots of water sources the phytoplanktonic composition (one of the most effective methods of identifying drinking water in Turkey in which inland waters cover a huge area) and biodiversity of which have not been found out and listed. Ergene River is among the richest water basins in Turkey in terms of freshwater and there is not a comprehensive research carried out to determine the algae composition in this area. For that reason, Bacillariophyta members which are met in main streams supporting Ergene River, have been gathered seasonally; and systematic positions of these algae have been identified and photographed. As a consequence of this study; 114 different taxa species belonging to Coscinodiscophyceae (4) and Bacillariophyceae (110) taxa have been observed and found out in Ergene River and other watercourses along with water basins supporting this river. After these taxa have been gathered, how these are spread with regard to seasonal and sample points have been determined. All of these taxa, which have been identified with respect to freshwater algal flora of Turkey, have been recorded for the first time for that region while 22 of these taxa have been recorded for the first time for Turkey.

Hazelnut is the important agricultural product of the Eastern and Western Black Sea region of Turkey and is usually exported to the world market dried and unshelled. Hazelnut in husks are dried generally grass and concrete ground under the sun. The traditional sun-dried process (concrete and grass ground) used by hazelnut farmers takes about 10 to 25 days counting on the weather conditions. If rainfall is high during the harvesting period, drying takes longer and causes the harvest and spoilt. Rapid postharvest processing, mostly in husking and drying, is crucial for the quality the last product, among which the hazelnut drying plays essential role. Because sun-dried on the concrete and grass ground increase fungal activities of hazelnuts and the risk of mycotoxin development due to mould growth. And also, under the action light and heat lipid molecules are released free fatty acids, which can affect the stability of oil. Dryer can prevent mould growth and oil oxidation. Thus, drying machine appears to be a promising strategy for hazelnut drying.

Gerçek zamanlı kantitatif polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (q-PCR), hem gen ekspresyonu analizinde hem de rutin Deoksiribo Nükleik Asit (DNA) ölçümünde nükleik asit miktarının belirlenmesi için kullanılan ileri moleküler bir yöntemdir. Gıda ve yem ürünlerinde genetiği değiştirilmiş organizma (GDO) kalıntıları için etiketleme eşiğinin Japonya’da %5, Avrupa Birliği’nde ise %0,9 olduğu göz önüne alındığında, doğru bir ölçüm metodu şarttır. GDO bileşenlerinin tespiti, kesin miktar tayini ve besin matrislerinde eser miktardaki kalıntısının tespit edilmesi q-PCR’da mümkündür. Bu amaçla çeşitli q-PCR kimyasalları kullanılmaktadır. Bunlar; interkalasyon boyaları, primer bazlı kimyasallar ve prob bazlı kimyasallar olarak üç gruba ayrılmaktadır. Marketlerde GDO ürünlerinin artan sayısıyla birlikte, her örnek için gerçekleştirilen analiz sayısı ve bu nedenle analiz maliyetleri artmaktadır. Bunun için GDO çalışmalarında, GDO’ların varlığının miktarını belirlemede hızlı ve ekonomik olan uygulanabilir taramalar yapılabilmesi için geliştirilmiş tespit yöntemlerine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, q-PCR kimyaları ekonomikliği, verimliliği ve uygulanabilirliği açısından karşılaştırılmıştır.