The aim of this study was to determine the effects of vermicompost application on the growth of pepper seedlings. Fertilizer doses and application time applied to plants are among the most important factors affecting seedling quality in seedling production. Vermicompost products have many advantages from plant development to soil regulating effects, antioxidant effect and the use of all kinds of wastes (plant, animal, industrial, etc.) in production. Seedling mortar (70% peat and 30% perlite), which was constituted in the study, constituted the control group of the study. Pepper seedlings were grown by adding different doses of vermicompost (5, 10, 20%) to this control group. The properties of the vermicompost used were pH: 7.5, EC: 2.15 dS m-1, C / N: 18.71, organic matter: 64%, N: 1.25%, K2O: 1.02%, P2O5: 0.55 %). In the study, full fertilizer (EC: 1) dose and semi fertilizer (EC: 2) dose were applied in fertilization. Köylüm pepper varieties was used in the study. Total output rate (%), stem length (cm), stem diameter (mm), number of leaves (number), stem length (cm), wet and dry leaf weight (g), wet and dry body weight (g), wet and dry root weight (g) properties were determined. According to the control group, 10 and 20% vermicompost application of pepper seedlings wet weight, dry body weights and wet and dry root dry weights were statistically increased. The first emergence of plant seedlings and their marketable times were withdrawn early by vermicompost application. At the end of the study, it was determined that some of the properties examined with vermicompost application to control mortar increased. Vermicompost application showed good performance in working as an organic fertilizer that can be mixed with peat and perlite mixture.

The aim of this study is to determine the entrepreneurship potential of women, define the factors that lead rural women to become entrepreneurs in local markets and reveal the problems faced by rural women during their entrepreneurship activities. Alaçam ve Bafra districts of Samsun province were purposefully selected as research area where women entrepreneurs concentrated and the primary data were collected with face to face interviews with all women (total of 75) in the markets. According to the findings; women have stated that they started their career in the marketplace through the direction of their own decisions (32.0%). When the thoughts of doing business other than their profession were examined; they wanted to open a garment workplace (16.6%). 43.0% of marketers stated that they were satisfied with their profession and 54.0% of them perceived the market as permanent profession due to being a profitable business and raising their revenues. Three major obstacles for women entrepreneurs were defined as; limited or inadequate funds, professional insufficiency due to low formal educational level and lack of experience, respectively. Private loans can be provided to women entrepreneurs thus; it can increase their funds. Institutions and organizations, which provide active support, may also increase trainings devoted to women who have lack of experience.

Known as the world’s most healthy and natural source of vegetable oil, the history of olives dates back to 10,000 years ago. The homeland of olives, a member of the Oleacea family, is Upper Mesopotamia and Southern Asia, including Southeastern Anatolia and Syria. Olives, BC It started to be cultivated on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean in the year 3000 and is one of the first fruit species cultivated in the Mediterranean region. In this respect, olive has an important place in the economy, nutrition and culture of Mediterranean countries. Currently, in most olive growing countries, olive, leafy stem or cuttings are rooted or by propagating stem shoots from seed or clonal stem. However, the so-called table olives are very difficult or completely impossible to root. The olives, which are very difficult to root, should be supported with biotechnological approaches such as micropropagation method in order to increase the product productivity. So far, many fruit species have been propagated in vitro using tissue culture methods and at the same time, some olive varieties have been successfully propagated by micro-propagation method. It made in tissue culture in the world and Turkey Olives have been compiled resources to work for the researchers in this study.

In wheat cultivation, sowing frequency is one of the crucial agronomic applications affecting grain yield. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of application of different sowing frequency (350, 500, 650 and 800 seeds m-2) for bread wheat cultivars (Alpu 01, Atay 85, Bezostaja 1, Harmankaya 99, Sönmez 01 and Sultan 95) on yield and yield components. Trials was carried out in Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute Eskişehir central campus fields during at 2012-13 and 2013-14 crop seasons in irrigated and rain fed conditions with 3 replications in randomized complete blocks design. In this study, the factors such as grain yield, number of spike per square meter, spike length, number of grain per spike, weight of grain per spike and harvest index were examined in terms of sowing frequency applications and cultivars in both conditions. As a result, the maximum grain yield was obtained from 650 seeds m-2 in rainfed conditions and this value was obtained from the application 500 seeds m-2 in irrigated conditions. Harmankaya_99 variety reached the highest values in terms of grain yield in both conditions and followed this by Alpu01 variety. In both conditions spike length, number of grain per spike, weight of grain per spike and harvest index parameters decreased inversely with increasing sowing frequency, while the number of spike number per square meter increased in direct proportion to increased sowing frequency. In rainfed conditions while there was a positive correlation between the grain yield with number of spike per square meter and harvest index, there was negative correlation among grain yield with spike length, number of grain per spike and weight of grain per spike. There was found significant positive correlation between grain yield with spike length and harvest index in irrigated conditions.

In this study, the effects of two traditional, three reduced and a zero tillage methods applied for nine years on GEA and PMN were determined and compared. The study, initiated in 2006 as randomized block design, includes a total of 18 plots with 3 replications for 6 different soil tillage systems. In the study, six different soil tillage methods are applied, namely conventional tillage with stubbles (CT-1), conventional tillage with stubbles burned (CT-2), reduced tillage with heavy disc harrow (RT-1), reduced tillage with rototiller (RT-2), reduced tillage with heavy disc harrow (RT-3) and no tillage (NT). Winter wheat was grown as the main crop every year or corn and soybean was grown following the harvest of wheat (second crop) every other year. Differentiation of tillage systems led to a significant variation in GEA and PMN concentrations. The GEA concentration, which increased significantly with the decrease in tillage density, varied between 44.68 mg PNP kg-1 h-1 (CT-2) and 207.66 mg PNP kg-1 h-1 (STI). However, the trend determined in GEA could not be detected in PMN. Although PMN concentration was significantly higher in soils under NT, it was included in the same statistical group with RT-1 for PMN concentrations. Higher PMN concentration in no till soils can be possibly related to the non-disturbance of soil structure. The results of study revealed that reduced and no tillage systems are extremely necessary to increase the quality of soils in the region.

Resources efficiency in production is essential to support sustainable production. “X” Bakery is one of the bread small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Batu, East Java Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure (SSOP) in bread processing of SMEs production. This research used observation methods, interviews, and questionnaires. Respondents in this research are supervisors and employees of “X” Bakery. The results of this study indicated that the GMP implementation achieved 58.3% and SSOP of 52.3%, implying this industry had been standing under a minimum of 60%. This industry had poor qualified of GMP and SSOP. Five aspects of GMP have be fulfilled, namely the location and environment, production equipment, process control, food labelling, and product recall. Although, nine elements that have not met, namely buildings and facilities, water supply, sanitation facilities and activities, pest control, employee health, storage, supervision by the responsible person, employee documentation, and training. Furthermore, three aspects of SSOP have met, namely the prevention of cross-contamination, food protection, and labelling. There are five elements have not fulfilled SSOP criterias, namely the security of water, surface hygiene, sanitation facilities, and employee health control and pest prevention. The weakest indicator for each GMP and SSOP implementation are supervision and employee's health control respectively. Therefore, it was necessary to increase the employee's knowledge, the addition of supporting facilities, and production supervision to improve the implementation of GMP, SSOP, and sustainable production.

The studies on phage applications that provide successful results in biocontrol of foodborne pathogens and offer an environmentally friendly approach have been increasing today. Phages are viruses that can infect and kill the specific target bacterial cell. Salmonella is one of the most important pathogenic microorganisms that leading causes of food-borne illnesses called salmonellosis. Meat products especially chicken meat, fresh eggs, dairy products, ready-to-eat foods, seafood products and all kinds of contaminated food can be cause of salmonellosis. In this review, the phage application studies to control of Salmonella in food systems were summarized taking into account the research studied in recent years.

This study aimed to analyze the economic structure of dairy cattle farms, which were members of the Cattle Breeders’ Association in İzmir Province. For this purpose, Ödemiş, Tire, Bayındır and Kiraz districts of İzmir province were included in the study. The main material of the study consisted of data obtained from the farmers through the questionnaire. The data belongs to the 2017 production period. The number of farmers interviewed was determined as 67 by proportional sampling method. When the data were being analyzed, farms were evaluated in three groups depending on their size. According to farm groups, number of cows, respectively, was 5-14, 15-49 and over 50. In the farms surveyed, the average number of animals was 49 heads, the number of milked animals was 22 heads, the daily milk yield was 22 kg and the lactation yield was 7,123 kg. The total active capital of the farms was $373,449 and the share of animal capital in active capital was 22%. Total variable costs per farm were $44,599, fixed costs were $15,605 and production costs were $60,204. Variable costs constituted 74% of the production costs. The share of feed costs in variable costs was 78%. Gross production value was calculated as $67,211. The share of milk sales in gross production value was 61%. Average gross profit per farm is estimated as $22,612, net profit as $7,007 and proportional profit as 12%. It has been revealed that the net profit and proportional profit of small farms were negative. As a result, it can be said that the profitability level of medium and large-scale farms is high, whereas small scale farms meet with loses in the research region.

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the major viral diseases of poultry, remains a constant threat in poultry farms that causes huge economic losses every year. However, little is known regarding the potential risk factors of the disease in broiler. The study was undertaken to ascertain the potential risk factors and biosecurity measures in ND prevalent broiler farm. A total of 116 broiler farms were considered as a sample size from a different area of Barishal district of Bangladesh in which 19.83% ND prevalence was found. In the findings, the farmers (33.62%) who had training on poultry farming, were significantly less ND positive case (7.69%). Besides this, among the different risk factors and biosecurity measures only shed location, ventilation, vaccination status, feeder and waterer cleaning frequency, visitors accession, pets in the farm, use of disinfectant and seasonal variation had significant effect on ND outbreak. However, among all the factors only farmers training (OR=0.025; 95% CI: 0.001-0.509), shed location (OR=0.035; 95% CI: 0.003-0.390), vaccination against ND (OR=0.017; 95% CI: 0.001-0.435) and use of disinfectant daily (OR=0.011; 95% CI: 0.000-0.294) made a unique statistically significant contribution to the regression model and the predictors had approximately similar strength on reporting ND outbreak. In completion, ND can be reduced in broiler farms by improving the level of common biosecurity, farm management practices, and minimizing the potential risk factors through training of farmers, awareness build-up, and enforcement of these practices on the farms.

It was carried out in Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Education, Research and Application Farm experiment fields in 2017. The aim of the study is determinate the effects of mung bean genotypes grown as second crops on forage yield, quality and mineral content. 02 G 06 and 70 S 01 mung bean genotypes were used as seed material in the study. The study was conducted to completely randomized block design in the factorial design with three replications. It was examined plant height, dry weight, ADF, NDF, ADL, TDN, hemicellulose, cellulose, relative feed value, metabolic energy properties and Mg, K, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn contents in the study. According to obtained data, it was varied between plant height 6.45-53.78 cm, dry material ratio 18.42-23.82%, ADF content 15.21-20.99%, NDF content 30.99-39.87%, ADL content 4.39-7.0%, TDN 66.61-70.95%, hemicellulose 13.81-24.66%, cellulose 8.21-14.35%, relative feed value 179.8-228.9, metabolic energy 10.33-11.10 MJ kg-1, Mg content 0.34-0.46%, K content 2.39-3.41%, Ca content 2.39-2.84%, P content 0.30-0.38%, Fe content 202.67-586.0 ppm, Cu content 7.67-11.50 ppm, Mn content 121.75-245.0 ppm and Zn content 29.0-38.17 ppm. As a result, it is thought that mung beans can be grown as a second product after the grain harvest and be a quality forage.